Vida Dönüş Hizinin, Uyumlaştırıcı Ve R-pet Miktarının R-pet/hdpe Harman Özelliklerine Etkisi
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Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science And Technology
Institute of Science And Technology
Özet
Polimerlerin endüstride kullanılmaya başlanması ile birlikte birden fazla özelliği aynı anda bünyesinde taşıyan polimerlere olan ihtiyaç günden güne artmıştır. Polimerizasyon yöntemi ile yeni bir polimer elde etmek laboratuvar ölçütünde tercih edilen bir yöntem olsa da daha ucuz ve kolay bir yöntem olan polimer harmanlama metodu polimer endüstrisinde kullanılan ve önemini gün geçtikçe arttıran bir yöntemdir. Polimer harmanlama yönteminin keşfi çok eski yıllara dayansa da polimer harmanları ile ilgili yapılan akademik ve endüstüriyel çalışmalar 1960 yıllarının sonunda başlamış ve artarak devam etmiştir. Bunun birçok sebebi olmasının yanında en önemli sebebi iki polimerin karışabilirliğinin incelenmesi ve bu konu hakkında birçok akademik yayın yapılmasıdır. Polimerlerin karışımı konusunda yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda General Elektrik Noryl® isimli ticari ürünü piyasaya sunmuştur. Harmanlama yönteminde, fiziksel olarak karıştırılan polimerlerin güçlü oldukları özellikler kaybettirilmeden, zayıf olduğu düşünülen özellikleri, eklenen diğer polimer yardımıyla arttırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma kapsamında proses edilebilirliği yüksek fakat mekanik özellikleri bakımından zayıf yüksek yoğunluklu polietilen (HDPE), mekanik özellikleri yüksek ancak proses edilebilirliği oldukça düşük olan geri dönüşüm poli(etilenteraftelat) (R-PET) polimeri ile harmanlanarak yeni bir polimer eldesi amaçlanmıştır. Yüksek molekül ağırlığına, farklı kristalinite ve kimyasal yapılara sahip polimerlerin harmanlanması sonucu genellikle heterojen morfolojiye sahip polimerler elde edilir. Ayrıca harman morfolojisi vida hızı, proses sıcaklığı, bileşen miktarı vb. birçok parametreye göre de değişiklik göstermektedir. Harman morfolojisi son ürün özelliklerini belirleyen en önemli parametredir. Bu nedenle çalışma kapsamında en uygun vida hızı, bileşen miktarı ve uyumlaştırıcının R-PET/HDPE harmanına olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kapsamında, farklı R-PET miktarlarına sahip (10-15-20-25-30-35-40-50wt%) R-PET/HDPE harmanları çift vidalı ekstrüder kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Daha sonra uyumlaştırıcı etkisinin incelenmesi için iki farklı uyumlaştırıcı miktarında (3wt%-5wt% Etilen-etilakrilat-Glisidil metaakrilat (E-EA-GMA)) aynı proses şartlarına sahip harmanlar üretilmiştir. Ayrıca R-PET takviye polimerinin HDPE matrisi içerisinde homojen bir şekilde dağılması için gerekli olan en uygun vida dönüş hızı 5 farklı (8-10-12-15-18Hertz) vida hızında harmanlar hazırlanarak seçilmiştir.Elde edilen tüm harmanların mekanik özelliklerinin incelenmesi için enjeksiyon prosesi ile kaşık ve darbe çubukları üretilmiştir. Mekanik testlerin sonuçlarının yorumlanabilmesi için harman morfolojisi SEM analizi ile uyumlaştırıcı etkinliği ise FTIR testleri yardımı ile incelenmiştir. Uyumlaştırıcı kullanılmadan hazırlanan R-PET/HDPE harmanının Young’s modül değerlerinin R-PET miktarı arttıkça arttığı, çekme dayanımının ise iki polimer arasındaki geriliminden kaynaklı heterojen morfolojiden dolayı düştüğü SEM analizlerinden gözlenmiştir. R-PET ve HDPE polimerlerin karışmaz polimer olmalarından kaynaklan heterojen morfoloji %3 ve %5 oranında E-EA-GMA kopolimeri kullanılarak iyileştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Uyumlaştırıcının eklenmesi ile dağınık faz damlacık boyutunun küçüldüğü ve bunun sonucu olarak daha homojen bir morfoloji elde edildiği SEM görüntüleri yardımı ile gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca homojen morfoloji daha yüksek çekme dayanımı eldesi sağlamıştır. Ancak uyumlaştırıcının elastik yapısı modül değerlerinin bir miktar düşmesine neden olmuştur. Farklı vida hızlarında hazırlanan harmanların morfolojik ve mekanik özellikleri incelendiğinde vida dönüş hızının R-PET damlacıklarının HDPE matrisi içerisinde dağılımına ve bununla beraber homojen morfoloji eldesinde önemli bir parametre olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. SEM analizleri incelendiğinde 5 Hertz vida hızının R-PET damlacıklarının parçalanması için gerekli olan gücü sağlayamadığı görülmüştür. 8-10-12Hertz vida hızları homojen bir morfoloji sağlarken, vida hızının 15 ve 18’e çıkarılması ile birlikte damlacıklar yüksek kayma geriliminden dolayı tekrar birleşerek faz dönüşümüne neden olmuşlardır. Bu sonuç mekanik özellikleri olumsuz etkilemiştir. Çalışma sonucunda boru üretiminde kullanılabilecek harman için optimum parametreler elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
New properties and lower prices of polymers are needed to meet demands of the polymer industry and the requirements increase day by day.The polymerization process is a method which is preferred in the laboratory criteria by researcers. Unfortunately the demands for many applications can’t be fulfilled by polymerizations polymers. Polymer blending is cheaper and easier method than the other producing polymers. Therefore blending method is most suitable for the new polymer application and their importance increases day by day. The discovery of the polymer blending method is based on a very ancient years but academic and an industrial study of polymer blends were started at the end of 1960 and continued to increase. The most important reason is that being the examination of the two polymer miscibility and is done in many academic publications on this topic. As a result of studies conducted on the mixture of polymers is presented General Electric Noryl® commercial products on the market. In the blending method, it is aimed that weak properties are repeared by addition of second polymer. However it is generally obtained with heterogeneous morphology when two polymers are mixed because of high molecular weight, different chemical structures and crystallinity. Also blend morphology depent on several parameters like as screw speed, process temperature, amount of concentrations etc. Blend morphology is the most important parameter that determines the final product properties. Therefore the scope of this study, it was investigated that the most appropriate screw speed, amount of compatibilizer and concentration of R-PET affect on R-PET/HDPE blends. This thesis aimed to study the low mechanical properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was mixed Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (R-PET) to obtained high mechanical properties. Also we aimed to increase the processebility of R-PET with the helping of HDPE. Ethylene Ethylacrylate Glycidyl Methacrylate Terpolymer (E-EA-GMA) was used a compatibilizer. First of all to see the effect of screw speed, the R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA (30/67/3) blends were prepared at five different screw speed. (5-8-10-12-15-18 hertz). Than R-PET/HDPE blends were prepared at various R-PET compositions of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50wt% in a twin screw extruder. In addition R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA compatibilized blends were prepared with 3%wt and 5% wt E-EA-GMA. All process parameters were kept constant during the preparing all of blends. Then, the samples were moulded by using injection moulding machine for measuring of mechanical properties. First of all the Young Modulus of R-PET/HDPE blends were increased by concentration of R-PET without compatibilizer. On the other hand the increase of amount R-PET badly affected in tensile stress because of weak interaction between R-PET and HDPE polymers. This weak interaction between polymers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)analysis. The two polymers are immiscible and need to be compatibilized in order to be used in commercial applications. So 3wt% and 5wt% E-EA-GMA were added in the blends to solve the problems. Addition of compatibilizer decreased the droplets size and interphase tension. The more homogenous morphology was obtained and tensile strength was increased. Also 5 different screw speed (8,10, 12, 15,18 hertz) was used to obtain the best homogeneous mixing. R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA blends were examined by SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical property testing. All mechanical properties of R-PET/HDPE blends were measured by tensile and impact strength test. It was observed that increasing concentration of R-PET in the blends, the impact strenght and tensile strain of R-PET/HDPE blend reduced due to the weak impact and extantion properties of R-PET. Therefore, to overcome the poor interfacial adhesion, 3wt% and 5wt compatibilizer were used for the blends. Activity of compatibilizer were analyzed by SEM and FTIR tests According to result of SEM analysis, the screw speed more than 10 Hertz caused gathering of R-PET droplets and decreasing of mechanical properties of R-PET/HDPE blends due to coarse morphology. Therefore all composition of prepared blends were blended at 10 hertz screw speed. The result of study, optimal parameters were tried to determine for the blend can be used in pipe production
New properties and lower prices of polymers are needed to meet demands of the polymer industry and the requirements increase day by day.The polymerization process is a method which is preferred in the laboratory criteria by researcers. Unfortunately the demands for many applications can’t be fulfilled by polymerizations polymers. Polymer blending is cheaper and easier method than the other producing polymers. Therefore blending method is most suitable for the new polymer application and their importance increases day by day. The discovery of the polymer blending method is based on a very ancient years but academic and an industrial study of polymer blends were started at the end of 1960 and continued to increase. The most important reason is that being the examination of the two polymer miscibility and is done in many academic publications on this topic. As a result of studies conducted on the mixture of polymers is presented General Electric Noryl® commercial products on the market. In the blending method, it is aimed that weak properties are repeared by addition of second polymer. However it is generally obtained with heterogeneous morphology when two polymers are mixed because of high molecular weight, different chemical structures and crystallinity. Also blend morphology depent on several parameters like as screw speed, process temperature, amount of concentrations etc. Blend morphology is the most important parameter that determines the final product properties. Therefore the scope of this study, it was investigated that the most appropriate screw speed, amount of compatibilizer and concentration of R-PET affect on R-PET/HDPE blends. This thesis aimed to study the low mechanical properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was mixed Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (R-PET) to obtained high mechanical properties. Also we aimed to increase the processebility of R-PET with the helping of HDPE. Ethylene Ethylacrylate Glycidyl Methacrylate Terpolymer (E-EA-GMA) was used a compatibilizer. First of all to see the effect of screw speed, the R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA (30/67/3) blends were prepared at five different screw speed. (5-8-10-12-15-18 hertz). Than R-PET/HDPE blends were prepared at various R-PET compositions of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50wt% in a twin screw extruder. In addition R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA compatibilized blends were prepared with 3%wt and 5% wt E-EA-GMA. All process parameters were kept constant during the preparing all of blends. Then, the samples were moulded by using injection moulding machine for measuring of mechanical properties. First of all the Young Modulus of R-PET/HDPE blends were increased by concentration of R-PET without compatibilizer. On the other hand the increase of amount R-PET badly affected in tensile stress because of weak interaction between R-PET and HDPE polymers. This weak interaction between polymers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)analysis. The two polymers are immiscible and need to be compatibilized in order to be used in commercial applications. So 3wt% and 5wt% E-EA-GMA were added in the blends to solve the problems. Addition of compatibilizer decreased the droplets size and interphase tension. The more homogenous morphology was obtained and tensile strength was increased. Also 5 different screw speed (8,10, 12, 15,18 hertz) was used to obtain the best homogeneous mixing. R-PET/HDPE/E-EA-GMA blends were examined by SEM, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical property testing. All mechanical properties of R-PET/HDPE blends were measured by tensile and impact strength test. It was observed that increasing concentration of R-PET in the blends, the impact strenght and tensile strain of R-PET/HDPE blend reduced due to the weak impact and extantion properties of R-PET. Therefore, to overcome the poor interfacial adhesion, 3wt% and 5wt compatibilizer were used for the blends. Activity of compatibilizer were analyzed by SEM and FTIR tests According to result of SEM analysis, the screw speed more than 10 Hertz caused gathering of R-PET droplets and decreasing of mechanical properties of R-PET/HDPE blends due to coarse morphology. Therefore all composition of prepared blends were blended at 10 hertz screw speed. The result of study, optimal parameters were tried to determine for the blend can be used in pipe production
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2015
Konusu
harman, R-PET, HDPE, uyumlaştırıcı, vida hızı, blend, R-PET, HDPE, compatibilizer, screw speed
