Sıra ev tasarımı için bir uzman sistem

Abstract

Sıra ev oluşumlarının bir çok toplumda yaygın olarak bulunduğunu görmekteyiz. îki sağır duvarın sınırladığı çok iyi tanımlanmış, genelde çok ekonomik, bir alan dahilinde yaşamayı insanlar, tercih etmektedirler. Böylece sınırlı bir çevre, genellikle düşük gelir grubun - dan olan sıra ev kullanıcıları için tatmin edici olmakta - dır. Bunun yanında düşük gelir grubundaki kullanıcılar sıra evin yapım kolaylıklarından yararlanarak evlerini bir - biri yanına yapmayı tercih etmektedirler. Çalışmada, dünyada sıra evler konusu çeşitli yönleriyle araştırıldıktan sonra sınır ve özellikleri ile çok iyi tanımlanabilen İngiliz sıra evleri seçilerek, bir yapay akıl programı ile tasarımı yapılmıştır. Son on yıllarda dünyada bilgisayarın kullanım alanlarının geliştirilmesi için çalışmalar hızla sürdürülmektedir. Bunun yanında son zamanların mimarlık alanında ortaya konulan bir tartışma ve araştırma da, bilgisayarın bin insan tasarımcı gibi işlev görüp göremeyeceğidir. Çalışmamızda, bu iki güncel araştırma konusu ele alınarak İngiliz sıra evi için bilgisayarla tasarıma yönelik bir yapay akıl programı modeli ortaya konmuştur. Bu model, da ha önce araştırmalarla ortaya konan dikdörtgen bölünmeleri yöntemi esas alınarak geliştirilmiştir. Dovming ve Fleming' in bungalow analizlerinde kullandığı dikdörtgen bölünmelerinin yanı sıra derinlemesine heuristik bir araştırma da yapılmıştır. Geliştirilen modele göre, İngiliz sıra evi geleneksel nitelikleri göz önüne alınarak bir dikdörtgen planlı binanın içinde sürekli bölünmeler ve ayrışmalarla mekanlar oluşturulmaktadır. Bölünmelerin devam ettiği bir süreçle sonuçta, duvar, kapı, pencere, merdiven, hol uygulamalarının gerçekleştirildiği sonuç plana ulaşılmıştır.

It is clear that there is a wide use of row houses all over the w. o rid People prefer to live in a well defined space in order to feel themselves secure. Especially most of low income groups build their own house units adjacent to each other constituting row houses. We studied the examples of rom houses from o India o Philippines o England o Holland o Mexico o Corsica o Colombia. In these countries, row houses were built spontaneously by the users that are the people of low income groups. Low income groups use the construction easiness of row houses hence, they build their units adjacent to each other. One builds his house unit and another one comes and builds his or her dwelling unit adjacent to the previous one. It is easy to construct row houses by using the accomplied wall between dwelling units. In developing countries when people need shelter, they prefer to build row houses. In fact there are no well organised substructure to serve them. Most of the dwellings they built are insufficient because of the lack of substructure and sanitary facilities. However, row houses meet the needs of the inhabitants coming from the rural areas. Low income people feel happier after they migrated from rural to urban areas to live in, if vi they could build their own dwelling units. Migrated people wish to live in a secure environment that identifies them. Generally, they are poor and without self- confidency. The characteristics of row houses let them live in happier and more securetely despite the all disadvantages of row houses. The disadvantages of row houses are stated below: o Insufficient facilities (water, bath, wc...) o Overcrawding. Low income people build their own units without enough facilities because of o The lack of knowladge o The lack of finance o The habits they brought. On the other hand, the row house units are not wery large as they answer the needs of low income groups The units are rarely build in large. The limits specified among the examples of row house units stated below: 2 o The ones less then 50 m oo Mexico (45 m2) oo Corsika (35 m2) oo Colombia (45 m2). o The ones more then 50 m2 oo India (60 m2) oo England (50-60 m2) oo Philippines (60 m2) oo Holland (145 m2) As shown, the area of row house units are generally between 45 and 60 m2. Only in Holland it is more than 100 m2. In this study first, the row houses all over the world studied and then prefered examples of row houses that are vii English ones, were designed by means. of knowladge based computer program. There have been widely known studies all over the world on computer applications in Architecture in last decades. Many researchers, practising architects and also lay people ask similar questions; Do computers carry out creative works? Do we need computers to solve our design problems? Are computers substitute for human designers? This sort of questions have different interpretations and different answers depending on the background, position, goal and the level of knowledge of the discussants. As Donald Knuth exressed in "Computer science and mathema tics " in 19 75, it has been said that a person does not really understand something until he teaches it to someone else. Actually a person does not really understand something until he can teach it to a computer, ie. express it as an algorithm. The attemp to formalise things as algorithms leads to a much deeper undestanding than if we try to undestand things in the traditional way. By simply following that and similar messages over computer programming, we tackled two topical research areas; one of them is row houses over the world and another is an expert system related to English row houses. A knowledge based model of the computer programs was developed to simulate architectural design process by using the logical sequences of human designers. In the model we use the " top-down " method to create logical sequences to dissect rectangles. Rectangular dissections were first introduced by Downing and Fleming in 1981. Besides, it can obviously be seen that a heuristic search process were in hand in this study. In this model, traditional English row house units have been in progress starting with the dimensions. At the end, we could have a final layout having an dimensional, walls, windows and doors. First, we could have an initial rectangular form. Besides, we know the components traditional English row houses usually have. That are o Living rooms at the ground floor. Vlll St o Bedrooms at the 1 floor o Stairs connecting two storeys in the building. o Halls (if desire^ to be). We know that traditional English row houses have no toilets or bathrooms in the units. The units are constituents of the blocks that consist of nearly 20 units. Each block has their toilets and bathrooms at the two ends. The rules we accepted: o No toilets and bathrmoos in o Two living room at the ground floor. o Two bedrooms at the first floor. o Only one room at the front and one at the back. o The units have entrance at the front and have a backyard. o No seperate kitchen place, perhaps within the livingroom. In the model first, the dimensions of the building and the backyard are specified by the user. The expert system tests the dimensions by simply comparing them by the standards of the traditional English row house units. If the dimensions are in the limits of the standards then, the users are asked to choose the way of dissecting the dimension of the building. The users have three choices: o The ratio between the dimensions of the front and the back rooms can be differentiated they could be equal or not. o Automatic dissectionof the dimension. The user prefers one of them and his/her preference is applied to the plan. After dissecting the depth of the defined building then, two plans that of the ground floor and the first floor are offered to the user. At that stage the program asks the user if he/she accepts the plans or not. If they do then/ the possibilities of the hall and stair are offered to the user. The user can prefer only one possibility to dissect the former rectangle. He/she has five choices and prefers one of them. The preference is also applied to the first floor plan. ix The users see the plans on the screen and are asked if they accept or not. If there is no problem for them the program goes on for new dissections. The new dissections are applied for the generation of the walls, windows and doors. First, the users are asked to specify the number of the windows at the back and front. For the door applications, if there is a hall among the rooms, the doors are to be on the lines between the hall and the rooms. If there is not a hall, the adjacent rooms are connected by doors on lines between them. After all these stages we could reach the final product of an English row house unit with its all rooms, windows, doors and, halls. All layout generation stages are based on the rectangular dissections and, dissections specify the shapes and organization of spaces. Top-down strategy used as a generation procedure and heuristic search reached the user to the final layout that he seeks. According to top-down procedure we started with a whole shape and we dissected it into new rooms. That knowledge based computer model shows that we could formalize the men's way of thinking in the design process by simply creating the algorithm.