(1869-1928) Osmanlıca Kadın Dergilerinin Grafik Düzenlemeleri

Abstract

Osmanlı devleti'nde Tanzimatla birlikte gelen, toplumda yeni yapılanma ve değişim çabaları, birçok konu ile birlikte toplumda kadının yeri sorununu da gündeme getirmiştir. Yeni açılan okullarla yerleşmeye başlayan kadın eğitimi, kadının ev ve iş hayatında başarısı ve sorunları gibi konular basında, özellikle kadın dergileri ile gündeme gelmeye başlamıştır. (1869-1928) yılları arasında yayımlanan 38 kadın dergisi, kadın ile ilgili her türlü konuyu, bilgilendirmeyi amaçlayan edebi konu ve makaleleri yayınlayarak, kadınlar arası bir haberleşme ağı oluştururlar. Bu çalışmada İstanbul Kütüphaneleri'nde bulunan 38 Osmanlıca kadın dergisi, içerik ve yayın amaçlarına da değinilerek, özellikle vinyet, fotoğraf ve düzenleme açısından ele alınmış, tarihsel süreç içinde gelişim ve değişim olanakları incelenmiştir. Araştırma İstanbul kütüphaneleri ile sınırlandırılmış, ancak İstanbul kütüphaneleri dışında olduğu halde fotokopi yolu ile kütüphane koleksiyonlarına katılan eksik sayılar da çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

1869-1928) The Graphic Designs of Ottoman Women Maga;:ines. The first printing house was founded in 1729 whereas the first Turkish nevvspaper "Takvim-i Vakayi" was published not before 1831 by Mahmut II. The first magazine Vakayi-i Tıbbiye about medicine came out in 1849. The Tanzimat movement influenced the beginning of the westernization period. This reconstruction of the society also effected women's position. The vvoman rights and their education became more emphasized with new schools, press and specially with women magazines. These magazines aimed to educate women about housevvork, children education, history, literatüre, music and fasnion. These publications created a close communication environment botvveen women. The publishers of these women's magazines were, women, engaged in the field of literatüre, press ör from foundations protecting women rights and freedom. Some foundations established by vvomen had their own magazines. For instance "Siyanet" was published by the "Ma'mulat-ı Dahiliyye istihlaki Kadınlar Cemiyeti Hayriyesi", "Diyane" by the "Çerkez İttihat ve Teavun Cemiyeti" and "Türk Kadın Yolu" the Türk Kadınlar Birliği. Meanwhile some vvriters and poets whose stories were published in these magazines also vvorked in the editorial boards. The first Ottoman vvomen magazine was published in 1869 under the name of "Terakki-i Muhadderat". This was followed in later years by "Vakit Yahud Mürebbi-i Muhadderat", Ayine, Aile, İnsaniyet, Hanımlar, Mürüvvet, Şukufezar, Parça Bohçası, Hanımlara Mahsus -XV- Malumat, Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete, Alem-i Nisvan, Demet, Mehasln,. Kadın (Selanik), Musavver Kadın, Kadın (İstanbul), Erkekler Dünyası, Kadınlar Dünyası, Kadınlık, Hanımlar Alemi, Kadınlar Alemi, Seyyale, Siyanet, Bilgi Yurdu Işığı, Türk Kadını, Genç Kadın (1918), Genç Kadın (1919), inci, Diyane, Hanım, Süs, Ev Hocası, Firuze, Asar-ı Nisvan, Çalıkuşu and the last öne "Kadın Yolu" vvhich was published in 1927. Fifteen of these vvomen magazines do not have more than a few issues in the libraries. "Aile, İnsaniyet, Hanımlar, Parça Bohçası, Alem-i Nisvan, Erkekler Dünyası, Genç Kadın, Diyane, Seyyale, Siyanet, Ev Hocası, Hanım, Firuze, Çalıkuşu". Thus it is hardly possible to talk about their peculiarities and graphic dasigm;. That was why these magazines were considered in a seperate chapter and studied to find out the commen speciaiities with other contemporary vvomen magazines. Terakki-i Muhadderat, Vakit Yahud Mürebbi-i Muhadderat, Mürüvvet belonging to the early period were published as an addition to the newspaper with the same names. The later magazines had much details in terms of contents. For instance "Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete" began it's publication life in 1895 about children education, history, literatüre and additionally it contained models for vvoman's clothing. it was well prepared for the women's taste in that period, published for 13 years of 612 issues. During the reign of Abdulhamit II (1876-1909) very important social and political events happened. VVars vveakened the Empire and Abdulhamit II was afraid of loosing the control över the country which put hard pressures and restrictions on the pubıicational sector. With the proclamation of the 2nd Meşrutiyet in 1908 a lot uf new changes took place in the country which had influence un the publicational sector Hundreds of new magazines being published with the excitement of this new promising political situation. Although the number of readers interest was not enougn to support -XVI- ali the magazin es, some of them had to be closed down. A lot of interesting magazines like "Demet" and "Mehasin" v/ere shortly published and had to disappear again. Despite of it's short publishing period Mehasin is important to mention. Especially the cover designs displayed the Art Nouveau art style of it's period. The most important magazines published during the late Oıtoman period after the above mentioned "Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete" were the Kadınlar Dünyası published by Osmanlı Müdafa-i Hukuk-u Nisvan Cemiyeti between (1913-1921) with 208 issues than "Süs" with 55 issues, followed by "İnci" with 39 issues. Bilgi Yurdu Işığı was a periodical magazine of a special school which had the same name. It's aim was to educate wcmen on the foreign language, house work, history, mathematics fields. The aim of this study is to examine the d if f e rence s and developments of Ottoman women magazines in terrns of page design, photography, and vignette. The research is restricted with the libraries of istanbul but some examples f rom the librane.s other than İstanbul could be obtained by means of fotocopy frcm the "Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi". These magazines were collected by the commission vvnich \vorked fro women's library to publish a bibliography of the women magazines vvhich was published between (1869-1928). Terakki-i Muhadderat (printed in 1869), Vakit Yahud Mürebbi-i Muhadderat, Ayine, Aile, insaniyet, Hanımlar, Mürüvvet, Şukufezar belonging to the early preiod had no illustrations ör photocjraphs ör color. it had some little vignettes, like little flovvers betvı/ean the paragraphs. The format of the Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete (1895) is extremely large with some illsutrations and a few photographs Tlıe cover attracted attention with the design of the name of the magazine. -XVII- Demet and Mehasin published after 1908 and Mehasin Had the first color photography. Different art nouveau compositions were designed for Mehasin's cover in every issue. The pacjes and the titles of subjects have different frames and vignettes. Kadın (istanbul), Musavver Kadın, Kadın (Selanik), published in the following years show the same approach with their contemporaries. The first photography of an Ottoman woman was printeo in Kadınlar Dünyası. This became popular and other magazines began to publish photographs of this kind. The idea of being a "chique" and aesthetic started by Meh&sin. It was later on developed and interpreted by Süs and İnci. Firuze and Çalıkuşu tried the same but didn't succeed in existing for a long time. The Art Nouveau and Art Deco styles had a perceptible effect on graphic design architecture, sculpture, decoration and different branches of art in European countries in the late of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20 th century. The styles were also effective in Ottoman art after 1905. Some characteristic patterns were used in architecture and in the field of press, especially in magazines for vignettes, frames or compositions on the covers. There are very characteristic patterns v/ith organic, curvilinear lines of Art Nouveau and more geometrical line-forms of Art Deco. Some neoclassical and antique patterns can be seen on the pages of the magazines. Art Nouveau created interest and approved easily by Ottoman Women. European fashion and habits especially used in daily life created a new interest and life standard in the society. Through the decades, there has been many developments in women magazines. In this development process, it can be seen thai there has been a change from the first examples, that has no photography and pictures, through the last examples which contains coloured -XVIII- pictures and coloured photographs. Especially after the year 1908, coloured papers and the coloured printing techniques has begun to be used. Then, the use of photographs has been separated and art nouveau and geometric borders have begun to be used and this, has led to develop structural applications. In this developing process, besides the use of original representations, influences of tho European magazines should be considered. In this historical period Ottoman women magazines from 1069 to 1928 shows a perceptible development and differences in page- design, cover design, illustrations, photographs and vignettes. The magazines had on influence on each other in the field of their contents and their designs. They created a source and a basic for magazines of the later periods.