Elemanlara dayalı maliyet analizi uygulamasında karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri
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Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
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Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de üretilen konutlarda tasarım aşamasına yönelik bir maliyet denetimi sağlayabilmek amacı ile, elemanlara dayalı bir maliyet analizi geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.Bu amaçla, birinci bölümde Türkiye’deki konut sorunu ve bu sorunu çözümlemek için yapılan çalışmalar aktarılmaya çalışılmıştır. flynca konut maliyetlerindeki artışların ve maliyet denetiminin konut açığına etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur.İkinci bölümde, bina maliyeti ve maliyet denetimi konuları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bölümde önemle üzerinde durulan konu, tasarım aşamasına yönelik maliyet planlaması yaklaşımı ve bu yaklaşımın uygulama yöntemleridir.Üçüncü bölümde ise, elemanlara dayalı maliyet planlaması yapabilmek için, tasarım aşamaları ile uyumlu maliyet verileri hazırlamaya yönelik "elemanlara dayalı maliyet analizi" sistemleri tanıtılmakta ve bu a- landa yapılan çalışmalar tartışı1 maktadır.Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye koşullarına uygun bir maliyet analizi sistemi geliştirmek amacıyla, mevcut sistemlerin uygulanmasında karşılaşılan sorunlar irdelenmekte ve önerilen değişiklikler doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiş bir projenin kesin hesap sonuçlarına dayanılarak yapılan maliyet analizi sunulmaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde, ülke şartlarında en az hata payı ile bir maliyet analizi yapabilmek için gerekli koşullar ve dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar açıklanmak- tadır.
The need of cost control in production is originated in order to provide using many needs rather limited financial sources in a rational way.In housing sector, the increasing need both in quality and quantity oblige the financial sources allocated in this field to be controlled.Turkiye’s experience shows that a limited effort towards social housing which is accompanied by in- creasedrates of privatisation might increase the degree of inequalities in a country where income is not equally distributed among different types of households.Especially for the last 50 years, the fundamental reason of the housing problem in Turkiye is "not giving enough importance to cost factor and also making the production without any plan or order.The reasons of increasing cost of a house are; The high cost of land in and around cities, The increasing cost of building materials, Producing houses have larger area than normal income group can effort, The extension of construction period because of the short of finance, Using credit recourses without plan.In 1930’s in Turkiye moderate to middle income households used most of the credits which were issued with implicit subsidies on interest rates. Only the filtering effects of increased housing output could be the benefits for lower income groups who also contribute to the formation of the Mass Housing Fund.Except all of these things, because of the people, who are in need of a house, have low income level 5 they can not own a house with high cost and so there is a great increase of the number of the squatters supplied by very low cost.fis it is seen, costing plays a great role for the balance of demand and supply in housing sector.We can generally define the cost in the production of building as all of the expenses happen in the process begins with the design examination and feasibility studies and then goes on demolishing of the building.The cost of a building can be examined in four part s s Pre—construction cost, Construction cost,Cost in use, Demolishing cost.In design phase, which is exist in pre- constrution works, decisions taken effect BO’A of the total cost of a building. Because of this reason "cost plan" is taken as a subject under a costing supervision approach for design phase in this study.In design phase, some cost models are used for the estimation of construction cost. These methods can be classified such as;Unit method, Area method, Cube method, Story enclosure method,Cost per functional element area, Production units cost method, Elemental cost method.Except these estimations methods, there are some more approaches used for the cost control in design stage."Cost in use" method is investigating the total costs of building projects initial capital costs and maintenance and running costs throughout the predicted lives of the buildings. It provides the only way of obtaining overall cost of a building but there are still some difficulties in practice in this method."Cost-profit" analysis that evaluates the profits expected from building according to the cost. "Profit—value analysis" and profession of engineering of value approach which aims the minimum cost with maximum profit are used in order to supervise the cost in design phase."Cost planning" is often interpreted as controlling the cost of a project within predetermined sum during the design stage.This method can use every phases in design stage of a building project. These stages ares Enterprise,Design,Tender,Construction.Cost control aims to provide a building project in limited cost with defined quality level.Cost planning process has three parts; Estimating,The preparation of cost planning,Cost control.There are two different cost planning techniques in use. One is called as the "elemental cost planning" system {designing to a cost)5 other one is generally described as the "comparative cost planning" system (costing to a design).In elemental cost planning, after a target cost is fixed, design can be started. In every steps and the phase of desig process, cost must be considered as a design factor just like the other factors.These two techniques are used for the same purpose by using different systems. In order to use these systems there must be some informations about cost of a building.These informations provides by the "elemental cost analysis".Elemental cost analysis is a report which shows how the cost is distributed to the building elements.In a detailed cost analysis; Element cost, Element cost/Total cost, Unit floor area, Elemental unit costs, must be exist. Moreover, the percentage of of the elements in total cost is an information mentioned in detailed cost analysis. Cost . analysis are made by the help of the classification systems of building element that is defined by the various institutions or countries. These systems have a great importance in order to make the analysis true and complete. They also help to compare with the building costs of which analysis made before. Cost analysis seek to achieve various aims: to enable the design team to determine how much has been spent on each element of a building? to assess whether a balanced distribution of cost has been obtained? to permit comparison of costs of the same element in different building; to obtain cost data for use in planning other projects. The below mentioned documents are needed to make a cost analysis! Bills of quantities (fully priced), Drawings of the building, Design specifications. It should be careful for some points in order to make the analysis completely used in an efficient way. Since every country has a different conditions, systems and standards, cost analysis should be made according to the conditions of that country and this is the main task for the analysis result to be useful. Because of this, in this thesis, which properties an analysis system should have and a one especially that can be used for the conditions in Turkiye is examined. In the direction of the decisions as a result cost analysis was performed by realized sample project. While cost analysis is made ; ft definite measuring system is developed, Elements are defined certainly, Below the functional elements, a hierarchgcal building together with building elements and production units are stated. Bills of quantities are transferred by certain rules.
The need of cost control in production is originated in order to provide using many needs rather limited financial sources in a rational way.In housing sector, the increasing need both in quality and quantity oblige the financial sources allocated in this field to be controlled.Turkiye’s experience shows that a limited effort towards social housing which is accompanied by in- creasedrates of privatisation might increase the degree of inequalities in a country where income is not equally distributed among different types of households.Especially for the last 50 years, the fundamental reason of the housing problem in Turkiye is "not giving enough importance to cost factor and also making the production without any plan or order.The reasons of increasing cost of a house are; The high cost of land in and around cities, The increasing cost of building materials, Producing houses have larger area than normal income group can effort, The extension of construction period because of the short of finance, Using credit recourses without plan.In 1930’s in Turkiye moderate to middle income households used most of the credits which were issued with implicit subsidies on interest rates. Only the filtering effects of increased housing output could be the benefits for lower income groups who also contribute to the formation of the Mass Housing Fund.Except all of these things, because of the people, who are in need of a house, have low income level 5 they can not own a house with high cost and so there is a great increase of the number of the squatters supplied by very low cost.fis it is seen, costing plays a great role for the balance of demand and supply in housing sector.We can generally define the cost in the production of building as all of the expenses happen in the process begins with the design examination and feasibility studies and then goes on demolishing of the building.The cost of a building can be examined in four part s s Pre—construction cost, Construction cost,Cost in use, Demolishing cost.In design phase, which is exist in pre- constrution works, decisions taken effect BO’A of the total cost of a building. Because of this reason "cost plan" is taken as a subject under a costing supervision approach for design phase in this study.In design phase, some cost models are used for the estimation of construction cost. These methods can be classified such as;Unit method, Area method, Cube method, Story enclosure method,Cost per functional element area, Production units cost method, Elemental cost method.Except these estimations methods, there are some more approaches used for the cost control in design stage."Cost in use" method is investigating the total costs of building projects initial capital costs and maintenance and running costs throughout the predicted lives of the buildings. It provides the only way of obtaining overall cost of a building but there are still some difficulties in practice in this method."Cost-profit" analysis that evaluates the profits expected from building according to the cost. "Profit—value analysis" and profession of engineering of value approach which aims the minimum cost with maximum profit are used in order to supervise the cost in design phase."Cost planning" is often interpreted as controlling the cost of a project within predetermined sum during the design stage.This method can use every phases in design stage of a building project. These stages ares Enterprise,Design,Tender,Construction.Cost control aims to provide a building project in limited cost with defined quality level.Cost planning process has three parts; Estimating,The preparation of cost planning,Cost control.There are two different cost planning techniques in use. One is called as the "elemental cost planning" system {designing to a cost)5 other one is generally described as the "comparative cost planning" system (costing to a design).In elemental cost planning, after a target cost is fixed, design can be started. In every steps and the phase of desig process, cost must be considered as a design factor just like the other factors.These two techniques are used for the same purpose by using different systems. In order to use these systems there must be some informations about cost of a building.These informations provides by the "elemental cost analysis".Elemental cost analysis is a report which shows how the cost is distributed to the building elements.In a detailed cost analysis; Element cost, Element cost/Total cost, Unit floor area, Elemental unit costs, must be exist. Moreover, the percentage of of the elements in total cost is an information mentioned in detailed cost analysis. Cost . analysis are made by the help of the classification systems of building element that is defined by the various institutions or countries. These systems have a great importance in order to make the analysis true and complete. They also help to compare with the building costs of which analysis made before. Cost analysis seek to achieve various aims: to enable the design team to determine how much has been spent on each element of a building? to assess whether a balanced distribution of cost has been obtained? to permit comparison of costs of the same element in different building; to obtain cost data for use in planning other projects. The below mentioned documents are needed to make a cost analysis! Bills of quantities (fully priced), Drawings of the building, Design specifications. It should be careful for some points in order to make the analysis completely used in an efficient way. Since every country has a different conditions, systems and standards, cost analysis should be made according to the conditions of that country and this is the main task for the analysis result to be useful. Because of this, in this thesis, which properties an analysis system should have and a one especially that can be used for the conditions in Turkiye is examined. In the direction of the decisions as a result cost analysis was performed by realized sample project. While cost analysis is made ; ft definite measuring system is developed, Elements are defined certainly, Below the functional elements, a hierarchgcal building together with building elements and production units are stated. Bills of quantities are transferred by certain rules.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1992
Konusu
Konut sorunu, Maliyet analizi, Maliyet planlaması, İnşaat maliyetleri, Housing problem, Cost analysis, Cost planning Construction costs