Binalarda sirkülasyon sisteminin öznel ve nesnel değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, binalardaki sirkülasyon sistemi ve kulla nıcı hareketlerinin analizinde, kullanıcının yol seçimi tahmininde kullanılabilecek bir benzetim modelinin geliştirilmesidir. Çalışma, bu amaca ilişkin çeşitli alt amaçlar doğrultusunda yürütülmüştür. 1. Bölümde, yukarıdaki amaçlar doğrultusunda çalışmanın kapsa mı tanımlanmaktadır. 2. Bölümde, binalarda görsel değerlendirmeye bağlı olarak yaya hareketini etkileyen davranışsal süreçler ve fiziksel ölçekler ele alınmıştır. Kullanıcı davranışları algılama, kavrama, imaj ve uzam sal davranış süreçleri kapsamında açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Fizik sel ölçekler de kullanıcı ölçeği ve sirkülasyon alanı ölçeği başlık ları altında anlatılmaktadır. 3. Bölümde, sirkülasyon problemi tanımlanmakta ve sirkülasyon sisteminin nesnel değerlendirmesi konusunda ölçütler, yaklaşımlar ve modeller anlatılmaktadır. 4. Bölüm, binalarda yaya sirkülasyonunun öznel ve nesnel değer lendirmesinde konu alanı olarak Taşkışla Binası 'nın seçilme amacı, bi nanın tarihsel süreci, binada restorasyon öncesi ve sonrası sirkülas yon sistemi, binanın kentiçi sirkülasyon ağındaki yeri, İ.T.Ü. Mimar lık Fakültesi olarak işlevine uygunluğu konularını içermektedir. 5. Bölüm içeriğinde, alan çalışması ile uzaklık kavramı ve uzamsal davranış üzerinde belirli parametrelerin etkileri ortaya ko nulmakta ve sirkülasyon sisteminin öznel değerlendirmesi yapılmakta dır. Sirkülasyon alanlarında yatay-düşey karşılaştırmasının yapıldı ğı kalibrasyon çalışması ve kullanıcının yol seçimi tahmininde kulla nılabilecek bir benzetim modeli de bu bölüm kapsamında açıklanmakta dır. 6. Bölümde ise çalışmanın amaca uygunluğu ve sonuçları tartı şılmaktadır. EK'te ise geliştirilen "SSQQ" ve "CALIB" programları, data ör nekleri ve program çıktıları yer almaktadır.

The objective of this study is to develop a simulation model, which can be used by the user in estimating the potential routes, in the circulation system of the building and in the analysis of the users movements in buildings. The study has also several other sub- goals related to the analysis of the circulation systems in buildings. In the field study, Taşla şl a building has been used as a stimuli and the subjective evaluation of the users' movement has been carried out and the importance of the parameters which affect the selection process of the routes has been investigated. The equality between the distance taken by the elevator in the vertical direction corresponding to the distance (of walking) in the horizontal direction has been formulated in this calibration work. In the first section, the studyarea and the contents with respect to the above stated goals have been defined. In the second section, the physical dimensions and the behav ioural aspects affecting pedestrian movements connected to visual evaluation of the buildings have been considered. The building, concerned in this study is being considered as an artificial environment, in which the pedestrian circulation is realized. A user in the building is permanently in contact with his or her environment, this environmental relation forces the user to obtain an environmental perception and thus he or she get to know his/her environment. The user recognizes this environment as a re sult of this perception process and he or she creates an image about the environment. These images affect the spatial behaviours of the user in the building. These spatial behaviours of the user have been tried to be explained in terms of perception, image and spatial components of the environment.. Perception Perception is the process of receiving information from the environment. The symbolic meanings and the messages contained by VII - the environment exercise leading influences over the actions of the user. The perception and selection of those are closely related to the aims and the qualities of the user. Conception Conception is defined as the evaluation of information by the human beings received from the environment. The information emitted by the environment isn't different in the kind and content ac cording to the users, but on the other hand, the kind and way of receipt and evaluation of this information by the user is different. In this case, the information accumulation, the way of handling of the environmental information by the user, time, sex and the age of the user play a significant role. Image The human being accumulate his or her knowledge about the present environment in a simple and relevant way with their previous knowledge and create images. These images in the mind of human being determines his environmental image, so the human being regu lates his actions by the interpretation of those information re ceived from the environment with the environmental image. Spatial Behaviour Since the perception is to gather the information from the environment and to evaluate his information taken into concept. As a result, the spatial behaviour can be defined as actions and reactions of the user against the walking distance. Walking, walking speed have been taken as components of spatial behaviour.. Walking Walking has been defined as the relocation of the center of gravity of human being provided that the humanbody should be in balance.. Walking Speed The walking speed varies according to the environment and the density of environment. The pedestrian density and the speed and vice versa are in a mutual effect as a function of each other.. Individual Extent (space) The human being has a perception circle limited with the angle of ±90° in the intention direction of walking. The area bounded by this circumference is that circle, having a diameter, which is defined as the most remote point, that can be reached by the human - vm - being concerned in the next excess of time. In the motion of pedestrian, the individual extent has an important role, this extent is influenced by the factors like cultural levels, sex, sensation, feelings of the users. In the content of spatial behaviour, the physical dimensions, anthropometric measures of users have been studied in terms of dimen sions of circulation areas;. User's Scale In the project of pedestrian extents, the body depth and Shoulder width are taken as main body measurements. The pedestrians have been defined by the coordinates of their bodie's gravity center in the problems of analysing the motion of pedestrians.. Dimensions of Circulation Areas The movement of the pedestrians arise as a result of sensibility shown by the pedestrians to the stimulants coming from the environ ment. In the second section, the subjective assessment methods are considered. The Guttman scale, evaluation scales, user's evaluation test, performance test for places and the techniques of semantic differentials have been explained. In the third section, circulation problem has been defined and the methods, approaches to the objective evaluation of circulation system have been explained. The objective criteria for the evaluation are;. The length of the.walking distances,. The area of the circulation spaces,. The emptying time of the buildings. Analitical approaches have been employed for the measurement of circulation distances and simulation models have been investigated and different aspects of circulation systems have been analysed. The evaluation criteria related to circulation areas have been listed and the time scale in the evaluation of circulation system has been explained. As a result, the models have been defined as a means for the evaluation of circulation systems. In this context, the simulation and network models are explained. The network simulation models in the analysis of the movements of users' have been investigated with respect to static and dinamic network models. - IX - Taş kişi a building has been choosen to carry out the field studies because of its historical importance, layout pattern, circulation system and its location in the city. In the fourth section Taşkışla building and its characteristics have been investigated. The factors, which affect the decision process in finding the appropriate route for users' aim, such as age, sex, educational differences and length of time, have been studied in the fifth section. As a result, the perception of distance and the effect of certain parameters on the spatial behaviour have been brought up and the subjective evaluation of circulation system has been carried out. The data needed for the evaluation have been obtained by the inquiries, which have been carried out on the students and the academic staff of the Faculty of Architecture. Thus, the effect of the factors can be studied at different levels. The factors which play an important role in finding the appropriate route, have been observed as;. activity,. physical quality,. illumination level,. the direct apperance of destination,. horizontal / vertical circulation. As a result of the field study, direct visual access has the leading; role in the process. Corners, stairs and those sort of spatial elements make users to think about the distances longer than their real length. Through the calibration work, the equiavalent distances going up stairs one or two storeys in the vertical direction corresponding to walking in horizontal direction has been formu lated. In this study, "The Data Fitting Method" has been applied to the existing data and two formulas have been optained. The formulas have been run with the program "CALIB". The computer program has been coded in Fortran 77. The da tas and outputs can. be found in the additions (Addition A, B). The computer program with the name of "SSQQ" developed to carry out the subjective evaluation of the circulation system is a simulation model, which can be used in the estimation of route selection related to the subjective judgement of the user and in the analysis of users' movement in buildings. The computer program also has been coded in Fortran 77. The program's data and output is in the Addition - C, D. In the sixth section, the study's results have been dis cussed according to the thesis' aim. The effects of the proper ties of circulation areas and parameters have been examined on users according to age, sex and educational differences. The distance taken by the elevator in the vertical direction corresponding to the distance (of walking) in the horizontal direc tion has been calibrated and the equality between them formulated for one and two storeys. These formulas can be used to obtain estimation percents of the users while selecting routes. As a result, a simulation model has been developed which can be used by the user in estimating the potential routes, in the circulation system of the building and in the analysis of the users movement in building.