Boğaziçi koruma alanında 1970-1990 yılları arasındaki gelişiminin değerlendirilmesi
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Boğaziçi yerleşmeleri, başta doğal yapısı olmak üzere pek çok özelliği nedeniyle tarihin hemen her döneminde adından sıkça bahsettirmiştir. özellikle Osmanlı döneminde, Boğaziçi yerleşmeleri, doğal çevrenin ve mimarinin dengeli bileşimiyle en olgun düzeyine ulaşmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde ise sanayileşme ve kentleşmenin olumsuzluklarından etkilenmiş, yöre özelliğine uygun olmayan yeni fonksiyon alanlarına hizmet vermeye başlamıştır. Günümüzde olumsuz gelişmeler sonucu ve bilinçli koruma- planlama kavramlarının eksikliği nedeniyle Boğaziçi peyzajı önemli ölçüde tahrip edilmiş ve yok olmuştur. 1. Bölümde çalışmanın amacı "Boğaziçi imajını oluşturan yeşil dokunun zaman içinde azalmasının nedenlerini incelemek, planlı ve plansız yerleşmelerin bugünkü durumunu ortaya koymak, 1970-1990 yılları arasında Boğaziçi nüfusundaki değişim ile bu yıllar arasında hazırlanmış koruma plan ve kararlarının arazi kullanımıyla-görsel yapıyı nasıl etkilediğini irdeleyerek bir sonuç çıkarmak" olarak belirlenmiş ve çalışmanın yöntemi ortaya konmuştur. Boğaziçi yerleşmelerinin tarihteki yeri ve önemine 2..Bölümde değinilerek Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde olgunluk düzeyine erişen Boğaziçi'nin nasıl değerlendirildiği orta ya konmuş, Cumhuriyet döneminde yerleşmelerin gelişimine nelerin etki ettiği belirtilmiştir. 3. Bölümde Boğaziçi'nin doğal yapısı, yeşil dokuyu oluşturan görsel ve rekreatif yeşillerin peyzaj özellikleriyle geçmiş ve günümüzdeki kullanımları incelenmiştir. 4. Bölümde ise 1970-1990 yılları arasında nüfusun gelişimi çeşitli yönleriyle ortaya konmuştur. Boğaziçi'nde Cumhuriyet' in ilanından günümüze kadar alınan koruma kararlarının ve hazırlanan planların bu alanı nasıl ve ne yönde etkilediği 5. Bölümde incelenmiştir. 6. Bölümde Boğaziçi'ndeki arazi kullanımı-görsel yapı etkileşimi açıklanmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde ise kaybedilen değerlerin yeniden kazanılmasının zorluğuna değinilerek bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
The Bosphorus settlement-especially its natural character has been often told about in the history. The Bosphorus which had been a place for small ethnic group settlements with several shrines and temples had become small village settlements in the Byzantine Period. In the Ottoman Period, the natural environment and its architectural character were integrated so well that, it had reached its highest level and at the some time "Bosphorus Culture" was created. The great heritage left over to the Republican Era is the Bosphorus as a synthesis of nature, history and culture. But this cultural heritage- conscrously or unconsciously-hasn1 1 been well conserved. Also the industrialization in the Republican Era, rapid urbanisation, rapid increase in the population and unplanned settlements formed as a result of these, had negatively effected the Bosphorus area. The two susperision bridges, related motorways and new coast-roads aiming to relax the traffic; caused unaimed progresses in the Bosphorus. In short, the unwilling population in Bosphorus area had been formed by the combination of accessibility factor, wrong planning decisions and politic factors. And as a result of all these the landscape of Bosphorus was hardly demolished and natural equilibrium has been destroyed. According to this, in the 1st chapter, the aim and the content of the study is determined and the method of study is told. In the 2n<3- chapter, the historical development of the Bosphorus is examined in the p re-Byzantium, Byzantium, Ottoman Empire and Republican Eras. The importance of greenland, settlement and waterways-as a whole-in the Bosphorus which is connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterrenean sea by Marmara, is explained. The Bosphorus area which was only used for religous aims in the pre-Byzantium periode has two kind of settlements- the villages separated from the city and the big houses xiv churchs and manas try. buildings which belong to the ones related with the Emperor and the Palace. After the conquest, by the Turkish period, the development had begun and the settlements combining with the green land were formed. By the 16th century the Bosphorus area had became a continious part of Istanbul with the small villages, farms, summer houses. In Europe at the end of the 19 th century. the popula - tion was densed in specific centers because of the early industrialization and colonistic attitudes. At the beginning of the 20th century also Turkey had problems of industrialization process. And so Istanbul and Bosphorus- as a part of it- had a functional variation process, since Istanbul has always had an important part in the economy of Turkey in every period. The conservation and planning of Bosphorus area which has in fact a great land potential for Istanbul has begun in 19 70' s. The yalis on the cost has registrated and in 1973 Act for Antiquities has came into force. In 1983 the 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Master Plan was prepared and in 22/11/19 83 the Bosphorus Act no 29 60 was approved. With this act constructive decisions about conservation of Bosphorus Area has taken. But with the clauses no 46, 4 7, 48 and Provisional Clause 7 of the construction Act no 3194 the greens of Bosphorus had rapidly began to disappear and till the canceling of this act in 19 89 it has continued. In the 3nd chapter, the natural character of the Bosphorus is studied by means of its undersea, topography, jeo logical structure, climatic structure and plant cover and in addition to these, also the visual and recreational green areas, woods, groves, promenade areas, gravevards and agricultural areas are studied one by one. It is also determined that, a metropol needs a lot of green and this is the Bosphorus area, for the case of Istanbul. The green areas of the Bosphorus are separated in two parts as visual and recreational green areas. The visual green areas are the woods which are not in public use-, groves, maquis and agricultural areas. And recreational ones are the woods which were designed for recreational purposes, private and public groves, graveyards, meadows and the parks on the coast. In this chapter, also the landscape and using specialities of these visual and recreational areas are studied, the groves, forming a base to the landscape of the Bosphorus are defined as green monuments; symbol i zi£g the history nature and city. These groves on both sides of the Bosphorus which has opened to the public use in nowadays and used as recreational areas with sight terraces and kiosks in it has also paths following the topography. But today xv they have lost their dense and florist ic composition specialities. The groves are man-made areas but by the time, they formed a special natural environment. There are two kind of groves in the Bosphorus area, the private and the legal ones. With the 47th clause of the Bosphorus Act no 3194 dated 3/5/19 85 -which is not valid anymore- the new settlements are allowed in 6 %. The government ^groves are opened to public use and today, they have lost their natural image. We can define them as city parks with a lot of trees. In the 4th chapter, the increase in the population of the Bosphorus area during 1970-1990 is studied. Here the causes of the population increase in this period and also the variation of the papulation year by year is examined. The dissociation of population in the Anatolian and Rumelian sides are analysed and is compared with the other administrative districts of Istanbul. It is found that between 1970-77 the increase in the population of the Bosphorus area is more than the general increase in the population of Istanbul. In spite of this, after 1980 the increase in the population of the Bosphorus is Less than the general increase in Istanbul. In the 5th chapter the progress of conserving and planning studies are examined. The Bosphorus area was badly effected by the settlements in the Republican era. In the years following the republic, rapid urbanization immigration movements, industrialization studies in wrongly chosen places, squattering, progress of land and sea transportation the transformation of green lands into residental areas are all showed that, conservation and planning was really a need. The need for controlling the progress in the Bosphorus was firsty put on the agenda in 1950 's. In these years for the small villages forming the character of Bosphorus. 1/2000 scaled master plans had done and 1970's the applications were done. The most important step for the conservation of the Bosphorus was the registration of yalis in 1970. The 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus master plans dating from 1988 have been revized in 1991. Because the 1/5000 scaled plans of the Üsküdar Area were not approved during the thesis research, they are not included in this part of the work. The greenland and housing areas in the 1/5000 scaled master plans dating from 1975, 1983, 1988 and 1991 have been calculated in hectars(Ha). Also, the greenland and housing areas diopesion belonging to these four dates have been put in 1/25000 scaled plans. Thus, greenland area gain on loss I can be seen visually. Planned and unplanned settlements not only increasing the population density but also effecting the visual structure of the city have been spotted by photographs. xvi In 19 71 the 1/50 00 scaled Bosphorus Coastal zone conservation plan came into force. It is limits has been determined and it was decided that the Bosphorus area was a site. In 19 73 1710/Act for Antiquities came into force and it was decided that the Bosphorus area should be controlled by the Supreme Council of Immovable Antiquities and Monuments (SICAM). It was observed that the Master Plans which were in force in 19 74 were not sufficient. In 14/12/19 74 conservation decision for the Natural and Historic sites of Bosphorus were issued by SICAM. And in 27/6/19 75 by the same group, 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Master Plan and related report were approved. In 19 77 the Master Plan and applying regulations for whole Bosphorus area was prepared. With this plan the Bosphorus area is determined as recreation tourism and res iden tal area. The interest in Bosphorus was increased after 1980 and the legal decisions and Master Plan studies were densed. In 21/11/19 83 2960- The Bosphorus Act for the conservation of cultural, natural and historic values in the Bosphorus area come into force and with this act it was aimed to conserve the natural, cultural and historic values of Bosphorus area and in addition to that, also to limit the population in the same area was aimed. But by the act no 3194, that has came into force in 9/5/1985, the bases of the act no 29 60 were spoiled. Act no 3194 clause 47 stipulated that construction could be allowed in the forescene with a minimum plot size of 5000 sqm, with no dividing into plots and the building ratio not exceeding maximum of 6 % and a building height of two storeys, and it was also accepted that, these same principles would be applied to forests, woods to afforestation and green areas. After this act has came into force, it was decided to cover by the pardon (to permit) the squaters and small illegal residents in Bosphorus area. In 1986 the constitutional court decided to cancel the implementation of the Building pardon Act in Bosphorus area. In 19 88 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Revision Master Plan is prepeared by this plan, on the two sides of Bosphorus totally 740 0 ha area has put in use of nearly 2,5 million people in the backscene and buffer zone. In the 6th chapter, the use of land in Bosphorus and, dependingly, the visual structure has been escamined. Housing areas, historical housing areas, existing development plan housing areas and unplanned (slum) housing areas have been studied under three main head lines. Housing areas with excisting development plans have been seperated into two parts housing with local construction plans (such as 1., 2., 3. Levent, Akatlar, Etiler, Ortaköy Valley) and single house type housing done with the construction act 3194. xvxi Also in this chapter the industrial and storage buildings as being unsuitable functions on the Bosphorus coast. The use of the groves are determined and studied as the groves in which the settlements are permitted, the groves belonging to the education and health buildings. And also the visual effect of land use in the Bosphorus area is examined. In this chapter, the visual affects of the use of land in the Bosphorus area has been examined seperatly for the Anatolian and Rumelian coast. In the conclusion part of this study there are suggestions for same values that can be regained out of many that have been already lost.
The Bosphorus settlement-especially its natural character has been often told about in the history. The Bosphorus which had been a place for small ethnic group settlements with several shrines and temples had become small village settlements in the Byzantine Period. In the Ottoman Period, the natural environment and its architectural character were integrated so well that, it had reached its highest level and at the some time "Bosphorus Culture" was created. The great heritage left over to the Republican Era is the Bosphorus as a synthesis of nature, history and culture. But this cultural heritage- conscrously or unconsciously-hasn1 1 been well conserved. Also the industrialization in the Republican Era, rapid urbanisation, rapid increase in the population and unplanned settlements formed as a result of these, had negatively effected the Bosphorus area. The two susperision bridges, related motorways and new coast-roads aiming to relax the traffic; caused unaimed progresses in the Bosphorus. In short, the unwilling population in Bosphorus area had been formed by the combination of accessibility factor, wrong planning decisions and politic factors. And as a result of all these the landscape of Bosphorus was hardly demolished and natural equilibrium has been destroyed. According to this, in the 1st chapter, the aim and the content of the study is determined and the method of study is told. In the 2n<3- chapter, the historical development of the Bosphorus is examined in the p re-Byzantium, Byzantium, Ottoman Empire and Republican Eras. The importance of greenland, settlement and waterways-as a whole-in the Bosphorus which is connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterrenean sea by Marmara, is explained. The Bosphorus area which was only used for religous aims in the pre-Byzantium periode has two kind of settlements- the villages separated from the city and the big houses xiv churchs and manas try. buildings which belong to the ones related with the Emperor and the Palace. After the conquest, by the Turkish period, the development had begun and the settlements combining with the green land were formed. By the 16th century the Bosphorus area had became a continious part of Istanbul with the small villages, farms, summer houses. In Europe at the end of the 19 th century. the popula - tion was densed in specific centers because of the early industrialization and colonistic attitudes. At the beginning of the 20th century also Turkey had problems of industrialization process. And so Istanbul and Bosphorus- as a part of it- had a functional variation process, since Istanbul has always had an important part in the economy of Turkey in every period. The conservation and planning of Bosphorus area which has in fact a great land potential for Istanbul has begun in 19 70' s. The yalis on the cost has registrated and in 1973 Act for Antiquities has came into force. In 1983 the 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Master Plan was prepared and in 22/11/19 83 the Bosphorus Act no 29 60 was approved. With this act constructive decisions about conservation of Bosphorus Area has taken. But with the clauses no 46, 4 7, 48 and Provisional Clause 7 of the construction Act no 3194 the greens of Bosphorus had rapidly began to disappear and till the canceling of this act in 19 89 it has continued. In the 3nd chapter, the natural character of the Bosphorus is studied by means of its undersea, topography, jeo logical structure, climatic structure and plant cover and in addition to these, also the visual and recreational green areas, woods, groves, promenade areas, gravevards and agricultural areas are studied one by one. It is also determined that, a metropol needs a lot of green and this is the Bosphorus area, for the case of Istanbul. The green areas of the Bosphorus are separated in two parts as visual and recreational green areas. The visual green areas are the woods which are not in public use-, groves, maquis and agricultural areas. And recreational ones are the woods which were designed for recreational purposes, private and public groves, graveyards, meadows and the parks on the coast. In this chapter, also the landscape and using specialities of these visual and recreational areas are studied, the groves, forming a base to the landscape of the Bosphorus are defined as green monuments; symbol i zi£g the history nature and city. These groves on both sides of the Bosphorus which has opened to the public use in nowadays and used as recreational areas with sight terraces and kiosks in it has also paths following the topography. But today xv they have lost their dense and florist ic composition specialities. The groves are man-made areas but by the time, they formed a special natural environment. There are two kind of groves in the Bosphorus area, the private and the legal ones. With the 47th clause of the Bosphorus Act no 3194 dated 3/5/19 85 -which is not valid anymore- the new settlements are allowed in 6 %. The government ^groves are opened to public use and today, they have lost their natural image. We can define them as city parks with a lot of trees. In the 4th chapter, the increase in the population of the Bosphorus area during 1970-1990 is studied. Here the causes of the population increase in this period and also the variation of the papulation year by year is examined. The dissociation of population in the Anatolian and Rumelian sides are analysed and is compared with the other administrative districts of Istanbul. It is found that between 1970-77 the increase in the population of the Bosphorus area is more than the general increase in the population of Istanbul. In spite of this, after 1980 the increase in the population of the Bosphorus is Less than the general increase in Istanbul. In the 5th chapter the progress of conserving and planning studies are examined. The Bosphorus area was badly effected by the settlements in the Republican era. In the years following the republic, rapid urbanization immigration movements, industrialization studies in wrongly chosen places, squattering, progress of land and sea transportation the transformation of green lands into residental areas are all showed that, conservation and planning was really a need. The need for controlling the progress in the Bosphorus was firsty put on the agenda in 1950 's. In these years for the small villages forming the character of Bosphorus. 1/2000 scaled master plans had done and 1970's the applications were done. The most important step for the conservation of the Bosphorus was the registration of yalis in 1970. The 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus master plans dating from 1988 have been revized in 1991. Because the 1/5000 scaled plans of the Üsküdar Area were not approved during the thesis research, they are not included in this part of the work. The greenland and housing areas in the 1/5000 scaled master plans dating from 1975, 1983, 1988 and 1991 have been calculated in hectars(Ha). Also, the greenland and housing areas diopesion belonging to these four dates have been put in 1/25000 scaled plans. Thus, greenland area gain on loss I can be seen visually. Planned and unplanned settlements not only increasing the population density but also effecting the visual structure of the city have been spotted by photographs. xvi In 19 71 the 1/50 00 scaled Bosphorus Coastal zone conservation plan came into force. It is limits has been determined and it was decided that the Bosphorus area was a site. In 19 73 1710/Act for Antiquities came into force and it was decided that the Bosphorus area should be controlled by the Supreme Council of Immovable Antiquities and Monuments (SICAM). It was observed that the Master Plans which were in force in 19 74 were not sufficient. In 14/12/19 74 conservation decision for the Natural and Historic sites of Bosphorus were issued by SICAM. And in 27/6/19 75 by the same group, 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Master Plan and related report were approved. In 19 77 the Master Plan and applying regulations for whole Bosphorus area was prepared. With this plan the Bosphorus area is determined as recreation tourism and res iden tal area. The interest in Bosphorus was increased after 1980 and the legal decisions and Master Plan studies were densed. In 21/11/19 83 2960- The Bosphorus Act for the conservation of cultural, natural and historic values in the Bosphorus area come into force and with this act it was aimed to conserve the natural, cultural and historic values of Bosphorus area and in addition to that, also to limit the population in the same area was aimed. But by the act no 3194, that has came into force in 9/5/1985, the bases of the act no 29 60 were spoiled. Act no 3194 clause 47 stipulated that construction could be allowed in the forescene with a minimum plot size of 5000 sqm, with no dividing into plots and the building ratio not exceeding maximum of 6 % and a building height of two storeys, and it was also accepted that, these same principles would be applied to forests, woods to afforestation and green areas. After this act has came into force, it was decided to cover by the pardon (to permit) the squaters and small illegal residents in Bosphorus area. In 1986 the constitutional court decided to cancel the implementation of the Building pardon Act in Bosphorus area. In 19 88 1/5000 scaled Bosphorus Revision Master Plan is prepeared by this plan, on the two sides of Bosphorus totally 740 0 ha area has put in use of nearly 2,5 million people in the backscene and buffer zone. In the 6th chapter, the use of land in Bosphorus and, dependingly, the visual structure has been escamined. Housing areas, historical housing areas, existing development plan housing areas and unplanned (slum) housing areas have been studied under three main head lines. Housing areas with excisting development plans have been seperated into two parts housing with local construction plans (such as 1., 2., 3. Levent, Akatlar, Etiler, Ortaköy Valley) and single house type housing done with the construction act 3194. xvxi Also in this chapter the industrial and storage buildings as being unsuitable functions on the Bosphorus coast. The use of the groves are determined and studied as the groves in which the settlements are permitted, the groves belonging to the education and health buildings. And also the visual effect of land use in the Bosphorus area is examined. In this chapter, the visual affects of the use of land in the Bosphorus area has been examined seperatly for the Anatolian and Rumelian coast. In the conclusion part of this study there are suggestions for same values that can be regained out of many that have been already lost.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1992
Konusu
arazi kullanımı, koruma çalışmaları, İstanbul-Boğaziçi, land use, protection studies, Istanbul-boğaziçi