Sermayenin Yeni Mekanları: Büyük Ölçekli Karma Yapılar

Abstract

Tez çalışmasının amacı büyük ölçekli karma yapı tipolojisini ortaya çıkaran bağlamı irdeleyerek, tipolojinin üretilmesindeki temel motivasyonları çözümlemek; bu motivasyonların mekansal sonuçlarını araştırmak; ve tipolojinin özelliklerini seçilen örneklerin içinden analiz ederek İstanbul’daki büyük ölçekli karma yapılar üzerine kapsayıcı bir tanımlama geliştirmektir. Bu eksende büyük ölçekli karma kullanımlı yapı tipolojisini ortaya çıkaran olaylar, durumlar, ilişkiler örgüsü; tipolojinin üretildiği toplumsal zemin olarak “metropol” ve karma kullanımlı yapı tipolojisini üreten sosyal aktörler olarak “iktidar” “sermaye” ve “tüketici” kavramları üzerinden çözümlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde karma kullanımlı yapı kavramı netleştirilmiş; karma kullanımlı yapı tipolojisinin, ortaya çıktığı ilk dönemden günümüze uzanan süredeki evrimi önemli toplumsal gelişmelerle ilişkilendirlerek ortaya koyulmuş ve güncel durumda barındırdığı kullanımların nasıl bir artı değer mekanizması olarak çalıştığı irdelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde karma kullanımlı yapı tipolojisinin üretildiği toplumsal zemin ve varoluşunda etkin olan sosyal aktörler belirlenerek kuramsal bir çözümleme geliştirilmiştir. Bu bağlamda tipolojinin üretildiği zemin olarak “metropol” olgusu, modern kentin doğuşundan günümüze uzanan bir akışla irdelenmiş; tipolojinin üretiminde etkin olan sosyal aktörler “iktidar” “sermaye” ve “tüketici” tanımlamalarıyla kavramlaştırılarak ilgili toplumbilim okumalarıyla çözümlenmiş; ve büyük ölçekli karma kullanımlı yapıların üretimindeki doğrudan rolleri açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde; bir önceki bölümde ortaya koyulan kuramsal yaklaşımın mekansal sonuçları araştırılmış; ve İstanbul örnekleminden seçilen üç önemli büyük ölçekli karma kullanımlı yapı örneği olan Zorlu Center; Mall of İstanbul ve Metropol İstanbul projeleri “metropol” “iktidar” “sermaye” ve “tüketici” ile olan ilişkileri ve bu ilişkilerin sonuçları ekseninde değerlendirilerek analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde; elde edilen bulgular, üç örnek projenin çapraz okuması biçiminde karşılaştırmalı bir analiz olarak sunulmuş ve araştırma neticesinde varılan sonuçlar kamu yararı bağlamında tartışılmıştır.The study is aiming to construe the main motivations of producing the large-scale mixed-use buildings by researching the context which exposes this typology; and to improve an inclusionary definition on large-scale mixed-use buildings in İstanbul by analyzing the chracteristics of this typology through its context. For this aim, the network of the events, circumstances and relations which expose the large-scale mixed-use building typology have been analyzed within “metropolis”, which is the social ground that produces the typology; and through “political power”, “capitalist” and “consumer” notions, which are asserted to be the social actors who are operative in the production of this typology in this thesis. As a multiple case study, three important mixed-use building samples from İstanbul; Zorlu Center, Mall of İstanbul, Metropol İstanbul projects have been researched through this context to establish a valid attitude and conclusion based on the theory. In the second chapter; the definiton of mixed-use building has been clearified by stating the dialectics of the mixed-use building notion with pre-modern era. Afterwards, the evolution of this typology in 20th century has been classified by decades and summarized related to the important social progress’ in urban context. The importance of the three selected cases within the sample pool of İstanbul has been declared as a conclusion to the chronological evolution map of this typology. Finally, it has been analyzed that how the actual functions contained by this building typology work as a profit-making mechanism. In the third chapter; a theorical structure has been improved by defining the social ground which the large-scale mixed-use building typology has been exposed in and the social actors which are asserted to be operative in the production of the large- scale mixed-use building typology. Therefore, the phenomenon of “metropolis” has been described as the social ground of the typology; and the social actors which are operative in the production of this typology have been conceptualized as “political power” “capitalist” and “consumer”. In this context, the phenomenon of “metropolis” has been discussed begining from the birth of the modern city until the contemporary metropolis and the basic dynamics of site selection in metropoliten area have been described to understand how the large-scale mixed-use buildings position in the urban context. Afterwards, the social actors have been analyzed within the related social science readings. To analyze the direct roles of the “political power”; the rational development principals of the modern city and flexibilites that are being shown for the metropoliten structure problems are researched; and the motivations of the political power to promote the large-scale mixed-use projects have been discussed through Turkey’s experiences. To resolve the direct role of the “capitalist” in building this typology, the “flexible accumulation” theory which is named as the actual operation form of contemporary capitalism has been researched; the motivations of the capitalist to build the large-scale mixed-use building and the attitudes which directly effect the characteristics of the typology has been discussed through this economical theory. To construe the direct roles of the users of this typology, “consumer society” theory has been researched; and the motivations to use large-scale mixed-use building and user preferences which directly effect the characteristics of the typology has been discussed through this social theory. Finally the social actors’ direct roles related with architecture on the charachteristics of this typology has been revealed to use as a research method on the multiple case study. To build the research method, the notions which came front under each title have been clearified as a conclusion for the third chapter. Through “metropolis” phenomenon, the facts about the construction sites such as characteristics of the metropoliten areas which the projects positioned in, relations with the transport axis’ and economical connections, annuity rates which come from both location and utilization; came forward as the important facts to research. Through “political power” notion, the acquisition way of the public land by the private investors, building permissions of the construction sites, zoning permissions of the construction sites and the actual situation of the built projects’, came forward as the important facts to research to clearify the role of political power on the projects. Through “capitalist” notion, economical characteristics of the investors, economical mobility of the projects, the planing varietes of the projects related to the economics of diversity, prestige bookmarks which are created within the projects by the investors came to the fore as the important facts to research to specify the role of the investors on the projects which can be explained within flexible acummulation principals. Through “consumer” notion, leisure activites’ spatial compositions in the projects, direct relations with the public consumers, operation of the brands created within the projects, consumer society discourses and consuming indicators that are used by the investors on the advirtesement and management strategies came to the fore as the important facts to research for specifying the role of the consumers on the projects which can be explained within consumer society phenomenon. In the fourth chapter; the typological results of the social context which was exposed in the previous chapter has been researched within architecture; and three important large-scale mixed-use building cases from İstanbul, Zorlu Center, Mall of İstanbul and Metropol İstanbul projects have been analyzed through the relations with “metropolis” “political power” “capitalist” and “consumer” as a multiple case study. Thus, the main titles have been exposed as the cases; and four subtitles for each cases have been decided as aforesaid notions. The decision to name the three cases as “large-scale mixed-use buildings” is based on the facts that all the three projects have 100.000 m2 and over land areas, and over 500.000 m2 construction areas. In the case selection, Zorlu Center, Mall of İstanbul and Metropol İstanbul projects have been considered important because of their large scales, recognizable investment costs that they are the three of the most expensive five mixed-use buildings in Turkey as the day; and their different positions in the metropoliten area while they are in three different spots in İstanbul which gives an occasion to improve an inclusionary definition on large-scale mixed-use buildings in İstanbul. In the final chapter; the findings which were obtained from the previous chapters have been presented as a comperative analysis of the three case studies. The way of the multiple case study which was based on the system that creating titles for each of the cases and creating subtitles as “metropolis” “political power” “capitalist” and “consumer” under each of the cases; has been reversed and three cases have been discussed under each notions to offer a different point of view to reveal the scientific situation. Afterwards, the conclusions have been discussed in the context of public interest to path the ways for further suggestions. This study analyzes the large-scale mixed-use building phenomenon from a point of view which can be categorized under the common title of “economy politics of space” in the existing literature. The study differs itself from the other thesis’ written on the mixed-use buildings in this way; and states both sociological and architectural discourses about the large-scale mixed-use building typology.