Sanayi sonrası şehir formunun transformasyonu

Abstract

Şehirlerde sanayi sonrası artan genel dinamik talebi karşılamaya yönelik geliştirilen öneriler, şehir formunun transformasyonuna sebep olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada şehir formunun geçirdiği bu transformasyonun incelenip, örneklerle somutlaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. İkinci bölümde sanayileşmenin başlangıcından hemen sonra şehirlerde başlayan gelişmelerden bahsedilerek, şehre yeni gelen girdilerin şehir formuna etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu dönemde geliştirilen şehir formları üzerinde durularak, önerilerin belirleyicileri ve bu belirleyicilerin transformasyona olan katkıları üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde, 19.yüzyıl sonunda şehir formuna getirilen yeniliklerin ve belirleyicilerin tesbitine çalışılarak, bunların sebepleri araştırılmıştır. Şehir formunun modernizmle yeni boyutlar kazanmaya başlamasına ise, dördüncü bölümde değinilmiştir. Yaklaşımlarının herbirinin sebebi, kapsamı ve uygulanmışsa sonuçları üzerinde durularak, formların tesbitindeki hareket noktaları, örnekler üzerinde sabitleştirilmiştir. Beşinci bölümde, dönemin problemlerini çözmede yetersiz ka lan Modernizm'e tepki olarak başlayana post-modernist hareketlerin şehir formu önerilerin nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Bu dönemde geliştirilen ve post-modern cereyanlardan etkilenen birkaç önerinin çeşitli yanları, tezin amacıyla bağlantı kurularak eleştirilmiştir. Son bölümde ise, önerilen şehir formlarında gözardı edilen faktörlere değinilerek, gerek yeni şehirlere bir ruh kazandırmak ve gerekse çağımızın dinamizmine ayak uydurabilmek için, yeni eğilimlerin gözönüne alınması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.

To find a solution to the problems industrialization has created in the cities and to provide a more healthier and active environment for the people, various city forms have been suggested. The purpose of this study- is to investigate the transformation the city forms have undergone after industrialization and to establish the reality by samples. In various epochs, the static proposals made by the architects and city planners, from time to time have been inadequate to meet the general dynamic demand in the rapidly developing cities. Post-modernism though lacking the uniform expression of modernism and local characteristics, by adding the local characteristics into the planning has reinforced the effect of the cultural dimension. However, the thing that is desired to be stressed here essentially, is that, in the event that the correlation between planning and economic, politics, cultural and social inclinations are exposed, the proposals to be made will have greater possibility in achieving success. SECTION 2. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CITY FORM In the year 1769, the steam engine replacing the hydraulic power, has lifted off the necessity of establishing the small industry by the water sides. Industrial units around the cities started to bloom. The work lines increased in variety whereas the number of goods and services also increased. While the cities started to gain new people, the plans developed in this period were directed to solve the problems related with the subject of sheltering these people which is their basic need. As the industrial sector eventually enlarged the work power capacity in the cities increased, and accelerated the growth period of the cities. This situation was more perceived at the beginning of the 19. century. As an answer to this rapid change, the city forms proposed had been designed in convenience to the needs and had identified as its basic target the coordination of the new settlement areas with the industrial plants. In the proposals applied hardships were encountered when transition from theory into practicality was affected. Having the needs not clarified exactly, was the most important cause for being unsuccessful. The period between the years 1820 and 1830 is known to be the period of industrialization being centralized. While the city forms proposals which were bringing in geometrical harmony rather than organically solving the needs continued in this period, Fourier in answer to new developments proposed splendid building groups which he named as "phalanstery". The health problems in the cities between the years 1830 and 1850 reached its summit. In connection with this subject too many regulations - vi - and codes of law came into force. On the other hand the socialist and capitalist thinkers brought new proposals by interpreting the reasons to these problems in their own ways. The governments formed after 1850 are reknown for their extreme devotion to the regulations and laws. The cities were started to be planned by strict obediance to some standards and regulations. Lack of elasticity, resulted in monotonousness in the plans. This condition reached its peak in the Pullman City Plan and in Richardson's "Hygeia" plan and continued till the end of the century. SECTION 3.19th C ENTURY END CITY FORM PROPOSALS By the end of the 19 century, the industry's rapid growth increasing the variety of the needs and the city plans which did not coincide with this dynamism, diverted the people towards new searchings. The improvement of the communication and transportation, widespread usage of electricity and the shifting of the heavy industry to the satallite centers made these requirements more strengthened. In the linear industry city proposal made in this period, it was foreseen to have the industrial plants and housings be lined up on a linear route. Thus, the installation brought by the industry was aimed to be distributed with more ease and in an effective manner. The garden-city idea was also developed in this period. This idea's principle purpose was to live the big city's possibilities in a modest natural surrounding. The thought proposal consisted of 6 garden-cities around a main center. Letchworth and Welweyn, planned taking this idea as the basic concept, failed. Seeing the automobile symbolically and not comprehending its futuristic importance and confining some of the functions to the pedestrian circulation were the most criticized side of this garden-city idea. SECTION 4. CITY FORM PROPOSALS AND CRITICISMS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY The rapidly increasing needs, widespreading usage of steel, automobile and electricity was requiring the revising of the city form. And to this, when the gradual population increase and technological searches were added, the city form fell underneath the influence of modernism in the beginning of the 20 century. The "Neighbour Unit" idea suggested by Clarence Perry in the year 1910, was one of the important proposals putting its seal onto the period and finding large application field. Modernism, by using basic geometrical shapes and big elements started the city-like units. The acceptances brought by modernism sometimes gave way to bad results. In the neighbourship units formed under a plan, the scholls were compelled to close, useless large open areas have emerged. The forms configured by the initiatives of a few persons, from time to time, have fallen underneath the period's dynamism. The modernism has oversized the architectural elements and have spreaded them apart from one another. If a diagrammatic classification is made, apart from the details it - vii - it is to be observed that the basic city forms putting the stamp onto the 20 century are the point-like, radial, linear, ring and wide spread city forms. In the linear form based on the idea of having the habitual areas and the industrial plants lining up on apposite sides of a road, the principal problem is that, by the time the linear arm will extend, the coordination with the main center will get complicated. The ring form is the circular version of the linear form. For those with suitable topography they may constitute a good solution. The hard to reach blind points remaining in the center of the circle have always been a problem. As long as the main center, both in the radial form and in the point form, can not find an outlet for its growth, in the future expansion of the city always problems were encountered. The widespraad city form was based on the ideas of widespread communication and widespread center. Uneconomical resource usage was the most objected side of this form. Le Corbusier, one of the frontiers of modernism, has realized a series of proposals like "Contemporary City", "Plan Voisin", "Antwerp Planning", "Ideal City", "Linear City" and "Chandigard Planning". The common points of these proposals were to draw various functions into the buildings by making use of the land as small as possible, to enter city like versions with the same architectural units and the. existence of a certain economical understandig in all of them. Having the buildings flat and expressionless, has brought the Le Corbusier plannings into being a representative of the mechanized life style. Most of the time, the spaces between the buildings were not filled in with the functions. Rather than being saticfactory from a sentimental angle, he realized rational plannings. In the Chandigard planning the studies he made with the perplexity for harmony based on local conditions and the climate were worth attention. However, the result was not satisfactory from social point of view. Le Corbusier was a visioner who took the linear form in the most detailed way. By developing detailed factory plans worked to strengthen the coordination that existed between these and the road web and the habitual units. The big housing gap that came out after the 2.nd World War and value concepts inereased in variety in the cities brought new dimensions to the city form. One of the guides that cast a light to this period was the garden-city principle. The planning made for the Stevenage City in 1945, due to disagreements between the central administration and the local administration, failed. While the post-war habitation rapidly developed, building more houses to accomodate more people was taken a the main goal. And this brought the environments having physical and social problems. Pruitt Igoe planned in St. Louis in the 1950' s was only one of these. It is quite considerable to know that while this habitation unit was left after 25 year, the Radburn habitation formed in New Jersey in the 1930' s still has its attraction for habitation. In the years of I960' s Doxiadis referring to the problems of the Radial City, for the center of the city, proposed the ideas of "parabolical development" and "development in the open area". Further, - vxn he determined the ranks in reaching the Megalopolises he showed as the cities of the future. The studies of Doxiadis, in general, are related with the city's essential habitational decisions. Kenzo Tange, in the light of the "open system" he developed himself, he proposed a plan for Tokyo in 1960. He suggested a communication web linearily developing for the Tokyo Center by combining the functions with the new structures. This communication web was implicating peripherical roads with alternate levels tying the houses to the center and other services. In the Skoplije planning he acted from the same principles. However, the difficulty of the local conditions were felt more. While cooperating the functions with the new structures, Tange was on the look out for a symbolic city. Having the wounds of the war wrapped up in the years 1964-65, the emergence of a big economic potentiality proposal reaching fantasy came into the stage of city forms. "Drop City", "Cylindirical Habitation" and "Walking City" were some of these. However, the proposals made were not qualitative enough to answer the cultural mobility, and was neglecting the capital formation. This led the city form to new searchings. SECTION 5. POST-MODERNIST APPROACHES AND THE CITY FORM In the 19 70' s the monotonousness brought by the mechanized life style, diverted the people to new searchings in the visual arts and prepared for the birth of post-modernism. The city form of modernism now not able to a^iswer the needs with its principles took its share from these effects. The human factor was again taken as a principal in the plannings. The s tret t earned a function. The plannings directed to increase the social relations were realized. Around the modern centers, post-modernist habitual units emerged. In some of the proposals realized in this period, while the goals of post-modernism earned partial success, sometimes plannings in which these effects run to the extremes were proposed. In the Keynes city center closed trading units were used and in the row house project open areas to increase social relations were planned. The habitation in the Alexandra Road project while established on both sides of a sloped pedestrian alter, it could not be saved from monotonousness. In the planning made by Turgut Cansever in 1983 in the vicinity of Mecca for the Alquara University to house 50 thousand people, the partial effects of post-modernism are used with the contemporary technology and functions in a suitable equilibrium. In the planning of healthier settlements in our days, apart from taking into consideration the cultural characteristics, economical and political attachments, utilization of computer technology is gradually wide spreading. RESULT AND SUGGESTIONS SECTION The 250 years old transformation of the city form after the - ix - industrial revolution has shown that, in determination of the city form neither a model nor an effect should be binding by itself. The city form should be a dynamic product of the principle settlement decisions, local condition in view of the city like augle, government policies, economy, social, cultural and psychological values, new techniques and aesthetic worries and should benefit from the ease brought by the computer technology.