Kendiliğinden Yerleşen Çelik Lif Donatılı Betonların Mekanik Davranışına Su/ince Malzeme Oranı Ve Lif Dayanımının Etkisi
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Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Günümüzde ihtiyaçlara cevap verebilmek için uzun yıllardır kullanılan normal betonların yanında özel amaçlar doğrultusunda tasarlanan yüksek performanslı özel betonlar da geniş kullanım alanı bulmaya başlamıştır. Performansın anlamı sadece dayanımda artış değil, yapının hizmet süresi boyunca dış etkiler altında dayanım ve diğer işlevlerini koruyabilmesi özelliğidir. Yüksek performanslı beton (YPB) normal betonda kullanılan ana hammaddelere ek olarak çeşitli oranlarda mineral ve kimyasal katkıların eklenmesiyle yüksek oranda işlenebilirlik, durabilite, dayanım ve bunlara ek olarak ayrıca belirtilen spesifik özellikleri taşıyan beton olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yüksek performanslı beton özellikle boşluksuz ve geçirimsizlik özelliğiyle durabilite koşulunu da sağlayan yüksek dayanımlı betondur. Betonda kalıcılık büyük ölçüde geçirimsizliğe bağlıdır. Betonun geçirimliliğindeki en büyük etkenler de dışa açık ve sürekli boşluklar ve çatlaklardır. Akıcı kıvamı sayesinde herhangi bir vibrasyon gerektirmeden kendi ağırlığı altında hareket edebilen ve döküldüğü kalıbı dolduran, yeni jenerasyon süper akışkanlaştırıcı katkıların çeşitli oranlarda beton karışımına eklenmesiyle oluşturulan ve yüksek performanslı kendiliğinden yerleşen beton olarak bilinen betonlar en sık donatılı bölgelerde ve en dar kesitlerde bile ayrışmadan kendi kendine yayılarak yerleşmesi, zor ve karmaşık kalıplarda bile yüksek akıcılığı ve boşluk doldurma yeteneği sayesinde ilerlemesi, işçilikten ve zamandan tasarruf sağlaması ile gittikçe yaygın kullanım alanı bulmaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında sabit hacimsel 0,52 su / pudra oranına sahip 5 farklı karışım üretilmiştir. Bu karışımlarda farklı su / çimento oranları mevcut olup, çimento ile benzer inceliğe sahip olan silis unu çimento ile hacimce ikame edilerek kullanılmıştır. Üretimlerde su / çimento oranları 0,24 – 0,31 – 0,38- 0,45 – 0,63’tür. Karışımlarda azalan çimento miktarına karşılık aynı hacimde çimento inceliğinde öğütülmüş silis unu eklenmiş, böylece toplam ince malzeme hacminin sabit kalması sağlanmıştır. Karışımlarda, toplam su miktarının 200 kg/m3 değerinde sabit olmasından dolayı su/ince malzeme oranı sabit kalırken azalan çimento miktarı ile birlikte su/çimento oranı arttırılmıştır. Daha sonra benzer karışımlar tekrar üretilmiş ve bu KYB’ lere çekme dayanımı 2250 MPa olan çelik lifler hacimce %1 oranında eklenmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda su/ince malzeme oranı sabitken artan su/çimento miktarının yalın ve lifli betonların gerek taze haldeki özelliklerini ve gerekse sertleşmiş haldeki mekanik davranışlarını nasıl etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışmaların sonucunda 0,52 sabit hacimsel su/pudra oranlı lifsiz karışımlarda su/çimento miktarının 0,24’den 0,38 değerine artmasına ve çimento dozajının 833 kg/m3 den 526 kg/m3 değerine azalmasına karşın basınç mukavemetlerinde belirgin bir düşüş gözlenmemiştir. Lif ilavesinin dayanımdan çok yutulan enerjiyi arttırdığı görülmüştür. lif ilavesi genel anlamda işlenebilirliği olumsuz etkilemektedir.
Apart from the normal concrete to fulfill the necessities, specially designed high performance concrete has started to find a place for use towards special application purposes. Performance does not only mean increase in strength rather it also encompasses the quality of preserving the strength and other functions under external effects during the service life of the structure. High performance concrete can be defined as a concrete with high workability, durability and strength along with predetermined specific characteristics due to addition of different mineral and chemical additives apart from the major ingredients of normal concrete. High performance concrete provides durability with its specific properties of compaction and impermeability. The stability of concrete is mainly dependent on its impermeability. The major factors affecting the impermeability of concrete are the continuous external cavities and cracks. With the addition of new generation super-plasticizers in different ratios, high performance self compacting concrete can move under their weight without needing any vibration and can fill the mould where they are poured due to their consistency. It is mostly used in regions of high reinforcement and narrow cross sections where it settles down due to self expansion. Due to its properties of high flow and filling capability it can be poured in the most complex and difficult moulds. Its provision of time and labor saving has won it an increasingly common application area. Under the scope of this thesis five different mixtures of constant water/powder volumetric ratio of 0.52 have been prepared. Along with different water/cement ratios in these mixtures silica powder with fineness equal to that of cement has been added volumetrically. The water cement ratios in the preparations were 0, 24 – 0, 31 – 0, 38- 0, 45 – 0, 63. The decreasing amount of cement in the mixtures has been complemented by addition of ground silica powder thus keeping the volume of fine matter constant in the mixtures. The total water content of 200 kg/m3 has been constant thus providing constant water/fine material ratio but increasing water/ cement ratio because of decrease in cement amount. Later on these mixtures were prepared again and 2250 MPa tensile strength steel fibers were added to these high performance concretes in a 1% volumetric ratio. By keeping constant water to fine aggregate ratio, the effects of increasing water cement ratio on the behavior of fresh and hardened plain and reinforced concrete have been investigated in the experiments. Experiments showed that, with constant water/powder ratio of 0,52, the compressive strength of concretes with and without steel fibers did not change significantly even though the water/cement ratio was increased from 0,24 to 0,38 and the cement dosage was decreased from 833 kg/m3 and 526 kg/m3. Addition of steel fibers affected the ductility of concrete rather than the strength and the fresh concrete properties. Generally, addition of steel fibers affected workability of concrete negatively
Apart from the normal concrete to fulfill the necessities, specially designed high performance concrete has started to find a place for use towards special application purposes. Performance does not only mean increase in strength rather it also encompasses the quality of preserving the strength and other functions under external effects during the service life of the structure. High performance concrete can be defined as a concrete with high workability, durability and strength along with predetermined specific characteristics due to addition of different mineral and chemical additives apart from the major ingredients of normal concrete. High performance concrete provides durability with its specific properties of compaction and impermeability. The stability of concrete is mainly dependent on its impermeability. The major factors affecting the impermeability of concrete are the continuous external cavities and cracks. With the addition of new generation super-plasticizers in different ratios, high performance self compacting concrete can move under their weight without needing any vibration and can fill the mould where they are poured due to their consistency. It is mostly used in regions of high reinforcement and narrow cross sections where it settles down due to self expansion. Due to its properties of high flow and filling capability it can be poured in the most complex and difficult moulds. Its provision of time and labor saving has won it an increasingly common application area. Under the scope of this thesis five different mixtures of constant water/powder volumetric ratio of 0.52 have been prepared. Along with different water/cement ratios in these mixtures silica powder with fineness equal to that of cement has been added volumetrically. The water cement ratios in the preparations were 0, 24 – 0, 31 – 0, 38- 0, 45 – 0, 63. The decreasing amount of cement in the mixtures has been complemented by addition of ground silica powder thus keeping the volume of fine matter constant in the mixtures. The total water content of 200 kg/m3 has been constant thus providing constant water/fine material ratio but increasing water/ cement ratio because of decrease in cement amount. Later on these mixtures were prepared again and 2250 MPa tensile strength steel fibers were added to these high performance concretes in a 1% volumetric ratio. By keeping constant water to fine aggregate ratio, the effects of increasing water cement ratio on the behavior of fresh and hardened plain and reinforced concrete have been investigated in the experiments. Experiments showed that, with constant water/powder ratio of 0,52, the compressive strength of concretes with and without steel fibers did not change significantly even though the water/cement ratio was increased from 0,24 to 0,38 and the cement dosage was decreased from 833 kg/m3 and 526 kg/m3. Addition of steel fibers affected the ductility of concrete rather than the strength and the fresh concrete properties. Generally, addition of steel fibers affected workability of concrete negatively
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007
Konusu
kendiliğinden yerleşen beton, çelik lif, silis unu, silis dumanı, self compacting concrete, steel fiber, silica powder, silica fume
