İstanbul'da üç toplu konut grubunda konut ve mekan alanlarının karşılaştırılması

Abstract

Türkiye'ye çeşitli gelir gruplarındaki konut ihtiyacı nın artması ve konut açığı, kırsal alanlardan kentsel alan lara göçün ve hızlı nüfus artışının doğurduğu hızlı kentleş menin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Konut sektöründeki sunum ve istemi karşılayamamış haneler her türlü teknik ve çağdaş olanaklardan yoksun, hanehalkı yapılarıyla,. barınma koşulları niteliklerinde uyum bulunmayan, bugüne kadarki tüm çabalara ve önlemlere rağmen engellenemeyen kaçak yapılaş ma ile barınma gereksinimlerini karşılamak ve son derece sağlıksız, her türlü fiziksel toplumsal donatılardan yoksun gecekondularda yaşamak zorunda kalmışlardır. Dar gelirli gruplarının yaşadığı konutlardaki mekan ve alan özellikleri ile yaşam biçimlerini inceleyen bu tez ça lışmasında, konut sorununun Türkiye'deki gelişim incelenmiş ve mevcut durum çalışmaları yapılarak alt-orta tabaka konut larında hanehalkı mekan sayısı ilişkisi ile konut alanla rında olabilecek alt ve üst limitler ortaya konmaya çalışıl mıştır. Böylece ileride yapılacak toplu konut standartları araştırmalarına yol gösterici olabilmek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu araştırmada üç farklı bölgedeki konut tipleri ele alınmış ve alan araştırmaları yapılmıştır. Mekan standart larının belirlenmesinde rol alacak önemli bir faktör de ko nut içindeki mekan alanları olduğundan kişi başına düşen faydalı alan ve bir odaya düşen kişi sayısı gibi değerler saptanmıştır. Ancak bu şekilde toplu konutta yaşayacak olan çeşitli aileler için mekanları geliştirirken, eylem eğilimleri öl çüsünde bir standartlaşmaya gidilebilir ve düşük gelirli konutlarda oturanlarla ilgili olarak yapılacak çalışmalar la, mekanların organizasyonu ve mekanın genel karakteristik leri standartlara dönüştürülebilir.

Mankind wants to arrange and change his environment according to this own needs. Especially, it is more evident for duelling. But today it is seen that people living in the duellings are hardly changing the physical conditions of their duellings. In the past man has arranged his oun duelling environment himself or improved it by means of trials and the most available duelling types are formed in a long period of time. The duelling is a shelter confronting one of the essential needs of the individual and the family, For the society, duelling is social, economic and residential fact. Duelling is a problem uhen it ia not anymore a shelter but is a tool for social security. The problem is duelling is not only effected by the great amount of population and its increasing rate but it is also effected by the distribution of the population tD the residential area, in other uords, the qualitative and quantitative charasteristics of urbanism, In Turkey increasing needs of duellings and lack of duellings of several income groups caused rapid urbanism uhich is the result of continously increasing population and imigration from rural area to the urban areas. In Turkish Republic especially this imigration and formation of urbanism has aluays been a serious problem since nineteen fifties. Vlll In dwelling sector supply and demands are not sufficient and families have to live in squatters which don't have technical and contemprary needs sufficient sheltering conditions according to its family structures, unhealty and without required physical and social needs. The problem of squatters more than a sheltering problem, is a problem of income distribution, and social structure and security problem. This approach puts out the problem of sheltering and the impossibility of having a dwelling by this income distribution. Also it shows out that the laborur class of the society accepts, having a dwelling, as a social security, In the thesis the charasteristics of low-incame groups and their living standarts are examined. The historical progress of the housing problem and the existing conditions in Turkey are studied. The relationship between the household and the residence, and low and top limits of room spaces are put out. It is aimed to show a way for the researches of housing estate standarts. In the introduction part; the subject, its aim and scope took part. In the second part the dwelling and its users are defined. In the third part the dwelling problem in Turkey is examined and the reasons which formed this problem are put out in five sections; * Demographic changes Family structures * Imigration from rural areas to the urban twons IX * Changes in the social structure Df the society * Economical changes, In Turkey there is no consequential increas-e in the rate of birth, but by means of better healty con ditions increase in population can be seen. Especially after the Second World War and Turkish Republic period by reforms, multi-marriages has prohibited. So the structure of the family has begun to be transformed to the nuclear family from traditional family structure. Thus the need of duelling increased and at the same time the plans of the duelling began to change. The distinction of the family caused the architecture of apartment house to be uidespread, uhich thought to be a solution for this problem. The fourth part is about the system chosen for examining the duelling of lou-income groups. In this research three different types of duelling from different stratification groups are discussed in three parts: First part is "Istanbul Samples" uhich are groups of duellings from different regions of Istanbul Second part the duellings built by the credits taken from " Social Insurance Instution". Third part duellings in Ataköy in Istanbul, built by" Real Estate and Credit Bank" are examined. In all this three samples, the questionnaines made for" Lou Cost Housing Space Standarts" research uhich held by the guide Df Prof. Dr. IMigân Bayazıt, betueen the years 19B6-1987 are essential. First a form is prepared in order to shou the evaluation of the questionnaine and to see the charac teristics of this duellings. One this form the relations of the room spaces took part in the duellings is shoun by the help Df graphics. Then the data on these forms are entered to the computer and by the help of lotus 123, release 2.2 program. and the results are taken as grophics. In this part these three duelling stratification groups are evaluated one by one and the findings are compared in the results part of the thesis. While the evaluations are made, the plans are typified according to these graphics and also similar types are grouped. Thus the amount and the arrangement of room spaces of the lou income groups duellings are generalized according tD its characteristics. In this study quantity research is made for the three low cost housing groups. In order to determine the standarts for the quantity the useful space for each person and the amount of people for each room are defined. Thus the numeric values can show a way for the İDU-income groups duellings uhich will be ahead. The common characteristics of the finding. s ac- hived in this research are evaluated and it is seen that average hausehold amount is 5 people, duelling area is 65 m2 - 1DD mz and the number of the room spaces are 3 or k. When the planning types are examined, it is seen that in Istanbul samples type "D" uith percentage, in Social Insurance Instution, type "C" uith 35.3 percentage and in Ataköy duellings type "B" uith 35.7 pencentage are the types mostly used. LJhile the duellings Df Ataköy and Social Insurance Instution duellings theleast numberof room spaces is 3, this number falls to 1 for the duellings in the several regions of Istanbul Samples 5, in Social Insurance Instution duellings is k and in Ataköy duellings is 6. XI As a result, while searching for alternative solutions for the duelling problem of low Income groups, an evaluation of the common characteristics of the findings are also made. For example; average household amount is living in a dwelling 5 people, average housing area is 65mz - 100m2 and average number of spaces are 3 di 4.. At the and of this genelarization the solutions and the approaches will not contradict to the low income groups. Also the groups should be defined cle:arly, the demands of the groups and the largeness of the dwellings must be determined. It shouldn't be forgatten that the problem has several dimensions and it is the problem Id gain the squatters for the city and to bring out them to the upper Socio - economic level.