Dolmabahçe Sarayı veliahd dairesi

Abstract

Dolmabahçe Saray Kompleksi içinde bulunan Veliahd Dairesi 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı sivil mimarlığının en önemli eserlerinden biri olup, yapımına Sultan Abdülmecid döneminde, sarayın inşa edildiği yıllarda başlanmıştır. 1843-1856 yılları arasında inşa edilen sarayın plan ve cephe anlaşmı tekrar eden dairenin, saray mimarı Garabet Amira Bal yan tarafından yapıldığı bilinmektedir. Osmanlı saltanat sisteminde tahtın varisi olan veliahd, 19.yüz- yılda padişahtan sonra hanedanın en yaşlı erkek üyesi olan kimseydi. Veliahd Dairesi taht sırası bekleyen veliahdın ikameti için yapılmış, veliahdın eş ve hizmetlileriyle birlikte kaldığı bir daire olmuştur. Dolmabahçe Sarayı'nın inşa edildiği yıllar, Osmanlı saray çevre si ve zengin sınıfının batılı yaşam tarzını uygulamaya çalıştığı, her alanda değişim ve modernleşme rüzgarlarının estiği yıllardı. Gelenek sel olandan modern olana geçme çabası, bu yıllarda mimari alanda da kendini göstermiş, klasik Osmanlı formları yerine, yeni batık formlara yönelinmiştir. Neo Klasik, Neo Barok ve Ampir üsluplara ait öğelere yer veren ve Eklektik bir yapı özelliği taşıyan Veliahd Dairesi bu döne min bir ürünü olarak, sarayın Beşiktaş tarafında, deniz kenarında dol gu zemin üzerine inşa edilmiştir. Bodrum katta taş, zemin ve birinci katta tuğla örgüye sahip olan dairede, güney ve doğu cephesi tümüyle taş kaplamadır. Plastır- larla bölümlenen taş kaplama cephelerde simetrik bir düzen takip edilmiş, süslemede girlandlar, üçgen alınlık ve antik mimari öğelere yer verilmiştir. İç dekorasyonda, tavan ve duvarlarda çok renkli, altın va rakla zenginleştirilmiş manzara, natürmort ve figürlü resimler bulun maktadır. Mermer taklidi panolar ve alçı kabartmalar iç dekorasyonu zenginleştiren diğer süsleme öğeleridir. VI Binanın yapını süreci ile ilgili olarak savunduğumuz düşünce, Veliahd Dairesi'nin, önce Sultan Abdülmecid, daha sonra Sultan Ab- dülaziz döneminde olmak üzere iki ayrı yapım süreci geçirdiği ve sara yın ana yapısı gibi tek defada inşa edilmediği yönündedir. Buna göre yapım tarihi hakkında arşiv belgesine rastlanmayan ve kesin bilgi edi- nilemeyen Sultan Abdülmecid dönemine ait ilk daireye, 1861 yılında tahta geçen Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde, doğu yönünde ekleme yapıl mış ve daire yaklaşık iki kat genişletilmiştir. Biri eski, ikisi yeni daire ye ait, üç sofalı Türk Evi plan tipini canlandıran yapının, genişletildiği- ne ilişkin kesin belge ve bilgi yoktur ancak yapıda eklemeye ilişkin bir çok ipucu ve mimari çözümsüzlük mevcut olup tezimizi destekleyen bu özelliklere metin içerisinde ayrıntılı olarak yer verilmiştir. 56 oda, 8 salon, 16 tuvalet, 2 hamama sahip yapıda bir külhan bir gusülhane, bir mutfak ve bir kilerin yanısıra üç aydınlık bulun maktadır. Dairenin bahçesinde sera ve kuşluk köşkü yer alır. 19. yüzyıl saray mimarlığında, sahip olduğu özel işlev bakımın dan tek olma özelliği taşıyan Dolmabahçe Sarayı Veliahd Dairesi'nde, Sultan Abdülaziz, V.Murad, II.Abdülhamid, V.Mehmet Reşad, Yusuf İzzettin Efendi, VI. Mehmet Vahidettin ve Halife Abdülmecid Efendi ve- liahdlık yıllarını geçirmişler, bazen birinci ve ikinci veliahdlar dairede birlikte ikamet etmişlerdir. Veliahd Dairesi 1937 yılından itibaren, Atatürk'ün isteği üzerine Resim ve Heykel Müzesi olarak kullanılmak üzere Mimar Sinan Üni- versitesi'ne tahsis edilmiştir.

The Crown Princes Apartment in Dolmabahçe Palace is within the borders of the Dolmabahçe Palace Complex, which one of the most important works of the 19th century Ottoman Civil Architecture. This apartment was planned for the Crown Prince who will suc ceed the existing Sultan. In Ottoman Empire, it was a tradition that the oldest man in the imperial family became the next sultan. The heir Crown Prince would wait here for the throne and he was firmly kept under control together with his wives and servants. The Dolmabahçe Palace Crown Prince's Apartment was built in between 1843-1856 with the palace together with its frontal order and plan, it is like a small-scale repetition of the main Palace. The archi tect of the apartment was the Chief of the architect of the Dolmabahçe Palace, namely Garabet Amira Balyan an Ottoman of Armenian ext raction. This architect who had built lots of memorial works in Istan bul, started the construction with the orders of Sultan Abdülmecid. In that period there were gorgious, charming pavillions and lodges belonging to the Ottoman Imperial Family and the wealthy pe ople. The Ottoman Society targeted Europe in order to have what tho se western courtries have thus were bringing experts from outside in all fields to improve industries and the technology. This transformation of modernization and reform movements affected the Ottoman architecture too. Instead of benefiting from the samples of the Classical Ottoman Architecture works, new and wes tern, fashionable architectural forms, works were created. The Dolmabahçe Palace Crown Princes Apartment built in this era, like the main palace, is an eclectic building reflecting all Neo-Clas- sical, Neo-Baroque and Imperial Styles. VIII The Palace Complex formed by a combination of lots of different functional buildings, was built on the shore area between Beşiktaş and Kabataş in Bosphore in Istanbul. This Crown Prince's Apartment is placed on the Beşiktaş side. When looked from the sea, is seen like a continuation of the main pa lace. But this apartment is actually an independent building in a gar den that is surrounded by walls and iron railings. The building that was set in between gardens one in front one in back each having a po ol, has a main part with a triangle frontal and a series of around it on sides. The apartment is built of brick, that is fully in front but partly stone in back. The frontal orders is ornamented with frieze formed by wreaths and garlands and with composite capital pillars refreshing the antic architecture. Within the interior decoration landscape paintings, fi gurative paintings, carved or sometimes in relief, richly gold gilded polychrome ornamentations, embellishment were made use of. Even though it is thought that the apartment was built at a ti me, the building actually is composed of two different apartment built in two different periods. The statements we make in in this thesis support this idea. In our opinion the first apartment was a small apartment in traditional Turkish house plan composed of corner ro oms opening in to the main hall. Later on in 1861 during the reign of Abdülaziz, the successor of Abdiilmecid added a new apartment to thattwo storied building. We can summarize the benchmarks of this idea there by menti oning some of the characteristics specific to this building: a) When look from outside it is seen that the frontal symmetry is spoilt due to the blind windows. The dimensions of the basement floor windows of the two apartments that's marked in the plan, are dif ferent. b) In the basement floor, there is a room in which the outside wall cower can be seen. On that wall a filled-in exterior frontal window is noticed. c) There are frontal arched windows plastered, filled In, on the walls of ground and upper floors of the couldron ( the bath heater ) in between two apartments. d) There are layer and material differents at some connection points of the two apartments in the building. e) Some differences also can be seen in ceiling embelishments and the styles used in the apartments. The building has taken its current form after the additons made which caused an expansion. It has 56 rooms, 8 halls and 16 toilets. Today building has those functional units: 2 Turkish baths, a could ron, washrooms, a gusülhane{ a ritual washingroom for dead), 3 light- shafts, a greenhouse, gardens and circumcision pavillion. The structu re was restored by Mehmet Reşad in the early 1900s. This apartment is an important representative of the 19th cen tury Ottoman Palace Architecture and in that such crown princes like Abdülaziz, Murad V, Abdülhamit II, Mehmet Reşat V, Yusuf İzzettin Efendi, Mehmet VI, and Caliph Abdülmecit stayed. The Crown Prince's Apartment was an occupied for a while af ter the creation of the modern Turkish Republic, then in 1937 with the order of Atatürk it was assigned to the "Resim ve Heykel Müzesi" { Painting and Sculpture Museum) and still is functioning as a museum and exhibition center.