Hekimbaşı Çiftliği Kasrı restorasyon projesi

Abstract

Hekimbaşı çiftliği Kasrı, Küçüksu'nun arka sırtlarındaki bir tepenin üzerinde, Boğazdan Ümraniye'ye ulaşan Hekimbaşı çiftliği Caddesi yakınındadır, Ormana bitişik, tamamen gecekondulaşmış bir araziye oturmaktadır. Kasır, o dönemin "Devlet Baş Mimarı" unvanını almış olan Sarkis Balyan tarafından, 1881 yılında yapılmıştır. Kuzey yönünde dört katlı bir kulesi olan, üç katlı kargir bir yapıdır. Tamamen harabe görünümünde olan yapının, sahip çıkılmadığı takdirde, bilinçsiz tahribat sonucu kısa süre sonra yok olacağı açıktır. Bu kasır için yeni kullanım önerileri getirmeyi amaçlayan bu tez, yedi bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, tezin amacı ve aşamaları açıklanmıştır, îkinci bölümde, yapının inşa edildiği dönemde Avrupa ve Osmanlı Devletindeki mimari ortam, Boğaziçi ve Küçüksu'nun durumu incelenmiştir. Bu bölümün, Avrupa 'da- ki mimari ortamın tanıtılmasıyla başlanmasının nedeni, yapının gerek plan, gerek üslup bakımından Batılı özellikler göstermesidir. Yine bu nedenle daha ilerideki bölümlerde yer yer Avrupa'dan örnekler verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölüm, kasırların genel özelliklerini ve gelişimini anlatmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm, Hekimbaşı çiftliği Kasrının tanımlanmasına ayrılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde, kasır aynı dönemin diğer yapılarıyla karşılaştırılmış; altıncı bölümde restitüsyonu yapılmıştır. Yedinci bölüm ise, restorasyon önerilerini içermektedir. Bu yapının geniş arazisiyle beraber bir spor klübüne devredilmesi ve aslına sadık kalınarak, klübün idare binası olarak restore edilmesi önerilmektedir.

The mansion of Hekimbaşı Estate is situated on a hill behind the back ridges of Küçüksu. It is also called "Yusuf tzzeddin Hunting Mansion". It can be reached by the street called "Hekimbaşı çiftliği" which starts from the hills, parallel to the river of Küçüksu. This street also connects Küçüksu to Ümraniye. On the way towards Ümraniye, 1 km after the mansion, there is a large area for dumping the city garbage. The mansion was built on the grounds of the "Hekimbaşı" Estate by Sarkis Balyan in.1.88.1. Sarkis Balyan held the position of the chief architect of the Ottoman Government. The owner of the mansion, Yusuf tzzeddin Efendi, was the son of Abdülaziz and the crown prince of the Ottoman Empire; he would be the Sultan after Mehmed Reşad V. The building was a hunting mansion where Yusuf tzzeddin Efendi stayed for short periods. The aim of this thesis is to bring the mansion, which seems lost at the back hills of Bosphorus, into light. It is a ruin and has no protection towards the natural and conscious damages. There is a report and decision of "The Council for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Properties" to restore the building. Unfortunately, there is no actual attempt to save it. The first chapter consists of a general introduction and explains the purpose of this work. The methods that have been used during the research and the sequence of the presentation are also given in this chapter. In the second chapter, the social and economical structure of the period in Europe and Ottoman- Empire has been studied. 19th century has been the period of revivals in Europe. Instead, of creating new styles, it was preferred to copy from the past. This is also called the period of "Historicism". The last days of the Ottomans have been a time of serious economical and social declination. The architecture developed under the influence of Europe. Different styles have been used, which caused the result of many eclectic examples. In this chapter, the development of Bosphorus has also been studied. xvn The third chapter covers the analysis of mansions. Their definition, development and difference from the kiosks aire explained. The mansions are defined as big kiosks which belonged to the Sultan or members of his family. They have been mostly built on countryside. The kiosks have been built as private houses for rich people which have been used only during certain seasons. There are specific mansions for hunting purposes. They have been usually built on countryside where the Sultan stayed when he decided to hunt for a few days. They were kept closed during the Sultan's absence. Hunting kiosks are different from the mansions in that, they are square in plan, one storey high, small wooden buildings. A list of the hunting mansions in the 19tw century and their present situation are also given in this chapter. The fourth chapter is about the Hekimbaşı Mansion itself. Its location, history, a general as well as a detailed description and information about its architect is given. The mansion is situated in the neighbouring area of the municipality of Ümraniye. It is sorrounded by a neighbourhood of slums wich has become a quarter called "Hekimbaşı" at present. This quarter is quite developed with a mosque, a primary school, a health center and shops. The mansion has a view of the Bosphorus and Küçüksu rivulet. The boundaries of its ground are extensive and can be described as follows (according to the deed of the land register dated 1947): On the eastern side, it is bounded by the valley of Kandil li-Alemdağı ; on the western side by the Çoban Ayazma rivulet and at the point where Çoban Ayazma meets with Balıklı and Küçüksu rivulets, the boundary continues along Küçüksu rivulet till the valley of Kandilli-Alemdagi (Fig. 4.1). After the fall of the Ottoman Empire, the Ministry of Forestry of the Turkish Republic took over the wooded part of the land and surrounded it with barbed wire. As time went by, the Ministry requested the rest of the land. The real owner of Hekimbaşı Estate, Mihrişah Osmanoğlu sold the land to 5 people in 1981. So now, with the five new owners of this land, the issue waits for a court decision. During this controversy, the squatters have found the opportunity of further expansion; consequently the situation has become more complicated. There is a resolution of the Council for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural properties, dating from 1989, to restore the building and give it a new function. Nothing has been done since this decision has been taken. The mansion faces the danger of being totally destroyed. xvm The mansion has been called "The Haunted Kiosk" by the inhabitants of the area. Probably due to these rumours, the slums are built at a certain distance from it. Tt is possible to reach the mansion by walking on the original stones of the coach way (Ph. 3). There is a huge pit at the end of this path (Ph. 4), in the place of which there used to be a pool in the past. The mansion covers 346.53 m2 and has three storeys; a ground floor, first floor and an attic which has been used for service purposes. It has no basement. The tower has four storeys. The building is made of mixed construction, where the walls are of masonry, the floors and the roof are of timber. The plan, which is nearly square in from, is repeated on both floors. There are a total of fourteen rooms, excluding the tower. There exists no corridor system; it is possible to pass from one room to the other. All the rooms of the ground floor, except no; 5, have direct access to the garden. The building has three main and one service entrances. The main entrance is on the northwest side, through a portico which is supported by four columus. Two of these, which are near the walls are semi-detached. The upper part of the portico is a balcony. The symmetry of the elevations is disturbed by the tower. The only elevation that is symmetrical is on the southwest side. No fringe has been used in this building. The walls terminate with a cornice. Behind this cornice, there is a gutter which goes around the roof and at certain points, it is pierced by vertical pipes which go through the cornices. The roof is covered by ceramic tiles from Marseilles. The walls are made of traditional bricks (6,5 x 13 x 26 cm). The outer walls of the ground floor and of the upper floor of the tower are coated with limestone. The other parts and the inner walls are plastered. The mansion has been heavily damaged by people. The wooden parts, such as the floor and the roof construction and their coverings, the windows, the doors and the inner stairs, are all gone. The are many missing or broken cornices, stone frames and limestone blocks on the exterior walls. The arched windows of the tower have been blocked with brick and the inner surfaces have been plastered. As the building is exposed to weather conditions, the existing wooden elements have begun to decay; the iron clamps begun to rust and most of the plasters have been destroyed. Now it has the appearance of a total ruin. The 5th chapter is about the style of the building and its comparison with similar examples. It has a neo- xix Classical style. The windows and the cornices are the main decorative elements of this building. Window styles, facade properties, structural characteristics and materials are the same as the Levend and Zinciri ikuyu Mansions which also have similar plans. Compared with the other 19th century hunting mansions, it has an European character. The other mansions are mostly based on the Turkish House with their sofa and the rooms around; none of them has a tower, Hidiv Mansion, Cemil Topuzlu Kiosk and Mizzi Kiosk are examples with a tower. These buildings have no similarities in style or plan organisation, except for some general details and tower elements. As the mansion is built in European influence, some examples from Europe have also been examined. Its architecture shows the characteristies of Italian Renaissance, so the examples were chosen from Italy. When the towered buildings were examined, it was seen that the tower of the mansion looks like church bell towers. One towered example, Villa Trissino, was taken into the list as an Italian example. Some other Italian villas were also compared for their style and details. The sixth chapter describes the restitution of this building. After looking through many sources, documents, photographs and maps, very limited information could be found. An old photograph which has been taken from the albums of Yıldız and the documents which can be found at the Council for the Protection of the Cultural and Natural Properties provided the most important clues about the physical structure of the building. The details and the sizes were determined from what is left on the building itself. The totally destroyed parts were compared with similar examples. The seventh chapter includes the discussion of the criteria for a new function and the restoration techniques. The mansion is a living document of a certain period. The new function to be given should not harm and destroy the characteristics of the building. The mansion is considered in a great scale, with all the land surrounding it. The negative conditions are also taken into account. We propose the reuse of the mansion as the headquarter of a sports complex. Sports is the only function which uses nature without harming it. Open or closed, the sports buildings need a wide area to spread around comfortably and these are always low buildings which will never disturb the silhouette of the Bosphorus. The sportsmen will also have the opportunity of open-air training on this wide area. On the other hand, every part of the land will be under control, so that there xx will be no risk of trespassing by the squatters. There will be different branches of sports and every branch will have its own building and management. The mansion will be the headquarters of the complex. The restoration techniques to be applied for the repair of the building are as follows: 1) Cleaning 2) Re-integration 3) Renovation 4) Re-construction 5) New additions The operations to be performed are as follows: 1) Removal of the later additions (such as the hearth walls and its chimney at the main entrance, the bricks which are used to block the tower windows and the inner door between the entrance hall and no: 7. 2) Renovation of the structural elements and deteriorated materials (such as the bricks, iron clamps, plasters, wooden lintels where damages caused by hitting, rain or vegetation). 3) Completion of the missing parts (such as the cornices, window and door frames, covering material of the surface, balcony balustrade, the capital and bases of the columns, the plaster near the chimney, the roof of the tower, the marble entrance stairs, the marble thresholds, the inner decorative ceiling border). 4) Re-construction of the parts which do not exist today (such as the toilet, the inner stairs, the floor and roof construction and their coverings, wooden elements of the windows and doors, the chimney, the hidden gutter on the roof and the pipes going down the bui 1 ding ). 5) New additions which are necessary for the new function (such as the partition walls, floor heating system, electric and water system). The Mansion of Hekimbaşı Estate will be restored scientifically and according to its original characteristics. As the time passes, the number of such hunting mansions are becoming less. We hope that, this mansion will have the chance of being transferred to future with all its history.