Kentsel Mekan Karakterinin Peyzaj Mekan Organizasyonu Açısından Değerlendirilmesi Ve Sultanahmet Meydanı Örneği

Abstract

Kentsel mekanların görünümü, şehirleşme süreci sonucu şehirsel me kanın değişen sosyal, ekonomik ve idari yapıya bağlı olarak doku, öğe, öğeler akışı, ilişkiler, oran, ölçek, kullanıcı ve kullanım farklılaşmaları, alışkanlıkların, yaşam biçiminin değişmesi sonucu gittikçe değişmektedir ve bozulmaktadır. Güncelliği ve önemi gün geçtikçe artan açık ortak kullanım alanlarının, mekan organizasyonu ve peyzaj açısından yeni kuramsal araştırmaları desteklenerek dikkatlice değerlendirilmelidir. "Kentsel Mekan Karakterlerinin Peyzaj Mekan Organizasyonu Açısın dan Değerlendirilmesi ve Sultanahmet Meydanı Örneği" konulu çalışma dört bölümde ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, mekan kavramı mekanı oluş turan öğeler, özelikleri, mekanın kullanıcı üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri ve mekan algılamasına değinildikten sonra kentsel mekan kavramına giril miştir. Kentsel mekanlar peyzaj bütünü içinde bitkisel elemanları ile ele alınarak, mekan tasarımında bitkilerin mimari ve estetik potansiyeline ve kullanımına yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca mekanı oluşturan kent mobilyaları ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkilere bağlı olarak yapılacak mekan organizasyonu kentsel peyzaj bütünü içinde değerlendirilmiştir. İkinci bölümde Sultanahmet Meydanı'nın araştırma alanı olarak seçil mesinin nedeni ve çalışmada izlenen yöntem üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde araştırma alanı olan Sultanahmet Meydanı' nın ko numu ve tarih içerisindeki gelişimine değinilmiş ve tarihi yapıları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma alanının ulaşım durumuna da yer verile rek taşıt ve yaya trafiği incelenmiştir. Bu bölümün sonunda meydanın pey zaj mekan organizasyonu açısından değerlendirilmesi yapılarak, meydan bütününde çoğunlukla kullanılan bitkiler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde sonuç ve öneriler verilerek değerlendirmeler yapıl mıştır. Sonuç olarak, tarihi yarımada içinde yer alan Sultanahmet çev resinin tarihi kültürel ve doğal değerlerinin korunması ve yaşayan bir kent sel mekan olarak çağdaş bir yaşama ortamı içinde kentsel peyzaj bütünü içinde mekan organizasyonun gerçekleşmesini sağlayarak gelecekteki gelişiminin ve meydanın eşsiz siluetinin korunması ve sürekliliğinin sağ lanmasının önemi vurgulanmıştır.

It is apparent that urban spaces have to present an attractive and tas teful appearance right up to the tiniest detail in order to contribute to the spiritual and identical being of mankind. However, the qualitative level of the city differs in terms of the psychological constitution of individu als, healthy social relations and efficiency of manpower. In the face of mankind's strong connection to his environment through his five senses, individuals are negatively affected by concrete buil dings and (from the viewpoints of scale and form) non-humanistic prac tices. Ideally, visual and psychological alimentation is provided not through monotonous spaces in the urban environment but by stimulus offering simple but visually pleasant variations and assortments. Today, because of ever-changing social, economic and technological conditions, the aprearance of urban spaces is deteriorating day by day. Moreover, as a result of the transition from one culture to another thro ugh innovations and the general indifference of our people, we are al so faced with the problem of the estrangement of urban spaces reflec ting the culture of our near past. The purpose of the study entitled "Evaluation of the Urban Space Cha racter in Terms of Landscape Space Organization and the Example of Sultanahmet Square" is to preserve Sultanahmet Square situated within the historical peninsula along with its environment, history, culture and natural values and also to emphasize the importance of presenting the said square for the use of mankind in such a way so as to positively af fect its future development from all viewpoints. The study comprises four chapters. In the first chapter, or introduction, it is stated that although urban spaces were needed all throughouthis tory, the said need reached its climax in today's world, in addition, the importance of urban spaces for populations is emphasized and the con cept of space is considered. The definition of space is given and ele ments constituting space and their properties, their psychological effect upon users, perception of space are examined under related subhe adings. Then a transition is made to the concept of urban space and the organization principles for open common spaces are mentioned. Lands cape is defined under the haading of the Relationship Between Space and Landscape, and the landscape design principles in urban spaces are related. Moreover, the architectural and aesthetical potentials of greenery in urban spaces are explained under a sub-heading and the importanc eand qualities of plants in space design are investigated. The ornamentation elements constituting the urban space within the integ rity of the landscape ar ealso considered and evaluated from the view point of space organization. In the second chapter, the reason why Sultanahmet and surroundings were chosen for the research and the procedure followed during the study are clarified. In the third chapter, the position, historical development of the research site and historical buildings surrounding it are examined. General infor mation is provided about the Hagia sofia Mosque, Sultanahmet Mos que, Yerebatan Palace, ibrahim Paşa Palace, lllrd German Fountain, Obelisk, Knitted Colomn and SPiral Column. Moreover, the pedestrian and vehicle traffics are investigated under the heading of transportati on and it is stated that a complete pedestrian circulation could not yet be secured in spite of the more commodious vehicle traffic. An evaluation is conducted from the viewpoint of landscape-Space or ganization in Sultanahmet and surroundings. By taking into account the shapes, textures and colours of surfaces of space limitatives within the said space; the qualities of ornamental elements in the space; and the direction and qualities of plants and light illuminating the space; whet her or not spaces make it possible for mankind to fulfill their require ments and conduct their activitiesunder best possible conditions is eva luated from the viewpoint of relations between the above mentioned. Apart from the said general evaluations regarding the space organiza tion, spaces constituting the square are evaluated from the viewpoint of the integrity of the space. It is observed that the Sultanahmet Square comprises four separate close spaces and the said spaces are interp reted and explained in terms of related observations and data. The re lations of the said four spaces both among and within themselves are clarified and the foliage is particularly examined. The foliage within tho se four spaces are separately investigated ona by one. The first of teh- se spaces is the park with a pool between the Sultanahmet Mosque and Hagia Sofia while the second is At Meydanı (Horse Square) accommo dating the German Fountain and Obelisks, the third is the green area in front of the Sultanahmet Institution and the fourth is the area between the Palace of Justice and Firuzağa Mosque. First green place is qualified as a important park in the area. Using recreational most dense is also in this area, this areafloored by three thousand m2rölyet plaque and one thousand eight hundred meter bördür. This place is a island cleared from the vehicels traffic and in the middle there is a poll with a fisk whicw is found its last position as suitable to its historical tissue. However, in this area plants was chosen from the dwarf trees which is not growing so tall. There are 25-30 years old conic prunus laurocerasus and bums sempervivens, Japan decoration apples, conic takis baccata cupressus selmpervivens, magnoliaceace, palmtree, judas-tree and imported pinking trees many of them growedthis year. Due to keep alive of this historical place and to make plan, there were used conic dwarf trees instead of tall trees, these are especially call out together of harmony. In addition to that, aesculaceae placed as a line along the fronts of this park which are looking Hagia Sophia and the way of Divan, have a limitative effect. However, with starting of pouring the thorny fruits from the aesculaceae dirtiness causes the decreasing of the view quality. This park is leaned its back to the historical places these are; Hagia Sophia, Blue Mosque and Historical Haseki Turkish Bath buildings. When we look to these points in the park it can understood that planting is natural ahd generally planting is in a harmony with this buildings. All around the area green is most densely and most hormonally used in this park. Today this park can be used bythe tourists and public with the aim of cultural, recreational, social and reginal. However these usings sometimes give harm to this park and the area. Because of the harm of the unconscious people there are many red bands in the park, this decreased the view quality, also it gives a idea about public culture level. The second green place which format the Sultanahmet area is horse area that includes German fountain and obelisks. In this area using of equipped elements is enough as number but is not in harmony as style and colour. Realising of the planting elements, there is a domination of the meadow land in the area, place to place flowers and ungrowing bushes was got the whole. In this area as different from the others there are used plane-tree, poplar tree, willoi tree, oak, red plum tree bay tree, common privet. Due to leaving the historical buildings surroundings open, it is realising that area is thin and tall. The dense of the vehicles way that passes from the area's surround, increased more near to the way of Divan. Between the Sultanahmet abundance and wide street along the mosques wall as a line of aesculaceaes, make the place more powerful. At the horse area with wide hard floor there were a natural view at the area. Tall trees are found in the exterior front and on the tips. Middle part was planned with the variable of the bushes but it is not in order. Area's meadow land is seened disorderly place to place. Near to the German fountain, willow tree and plane tree is giving beauty to the park. With to flooring of different tissue stones, around the German fountain place was separated. With only one our two tall tree near to the fountain, it is realised easily on every angle and distance. In the area on the same line surround of tapy column were pulled to these areas out which are surround by the wide hard floor and meadow land tall trees. In this part disorderly meadow lands are taking the point. Near to this obelisks lightning is not efficient. The third green rgion which format the Sultanahmet area is frontier area of the Sultanahmet abundance, in summer its visitors is so many. A big part of this area there were placed banks whit on a line and no spaced for sitting of the spectators of voice and ligtht shows. With light shows thishistorical place features was related and different activity was gained, also this takes iterest of the public. Also in this area there are no tall trees that closed the mosques front. As a new there were planted dwarf juniperus, tarus saccata, pinking trees, Japan XI decoration apples. As the whole of the area also in this area there were used as a group of prunus laurocerasus and bums sempervivens brushes. As a last the fort green region is between the courthouse and Firuz Ağa mosque. In the middle of the park there were placed a basic remnant of a Place from the Byzantium period There were established a fountain with a covered marble. This region is higher floor than the other places.There were many cafes, tea gardens used by the tourists and public generally. This green tissue is so break off from the others. In this area classification gives activity but lack of using planting perpendicular and vertical the view quality is not getting the success. The space relations and existing plant components within the said spa ces are examined. Under the related subheading, general information is provided about the properties of the plant species within the Sulta nahmet Square along with related pisctures. The primary trees and shrubs used in the Square are Aesculus hippocaslanum J., Euanymus Japonica J. buxus empervirens J., Lagerstroemi aindica j., Taxus acca la j., Phoenix canariensis Hart ex Chabaud, Chamaerops excelsa j., Yucca filamentosa j. A general explanation about the said plants and their current positions is given. In the fourth and last chapter, results and propositions are given. The need to organize the historical properties as well as social, cultural, po litical, commercial etc. functions of the research site in such a way so as to provide a contemporary living environment for people, and also to ensure the continuity of the said conditions is mentioned, and the im portance of transporting this kind of historical urban spaces constituting the identity of any city to the future via positive developments is emp hasized. To end with, because Sultanahmet Square is one of the very few areas which both the tourists and local people visit in passing, which porivide the city with a frecsh breath of air thanks to the foliage surrounding it, and which offers opportunities for social, cultural, religi ous, political, touristic and recreational use, it must be organized in such a way so as to preserve and continue its unparalleled silhouette and to ensure its development within the contemporary environment.