Bazı Türk ve yabancı kaynaklı sigaralarda PAH'ların tanımlanması

Abstract

İçinde yaşadığımız çevrede hem doğal, hem de insanlar tarafın dan kontrol edilebilen çeşitli proseslerin sonucu bilinen en büyük kanserojen kimyasallar grubunu oluşturan polisiklik aromatik hidro karbonlar (PAH) açığa çıkmaktadır, özellikle yanma sistemleri, ekzos, kömür işletmeleri, sigara dumanı gibi kaynaklardan yayımlanan PAH'lar içme suyu, teneffüs ve besin zinciri yollarıyla metabolizmaya girmekte ve vücutta başta kanser olmak üzere çok değişik rahatsızlıklara neden olmaktadır. Bahsedilen PAH kaynakları içerisinde bulunan sigara dumanı, günümüzde insanların sigaraya artan bağımlılığı sonucu sağlığı tehdit eden en büyük tehlike durumuna gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada Türk ve yabancı olmak üzere beş çeşit sigaranın tütünlerinin, normal içim sonucu elde edilen izmaritlerinin ve ağızlıklı içim sonucu elde edilen izmaritlerinin ve ağızlıklarının Soxhlet ekstraksiyonu ve geri soğutucu altında yapılan ekstraksiyon ile elde edilen katranının aromatik fraksiyonundaki PAH kimyasallarının kapiler. kolon gaz kromatografisi yöntemi ile tanımlanması çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın sonucunda tütünden, izmaritlerden ve de ağızlıklardan ekstraksiyon ile elde edilen katranın PAH içerdiği bulunmuş ve bunlar arasında kanserojenik aktiviteye sahip olan bileşiklerde tesbit edilmiştir.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) comprise the largest group of known chemical carcinogens; some, while not carcinogenic, may act as synergists. PAHs are found in water, air, soil and, therefore, food and originate from diverse sources such as tobacco smoke, engine, exhausts, petroleum distillates, carbon black and coal derived products. The PAHs in food mostly arise from smoke curing, charcoal broiling, environmental pollution, and food additives and food packaging of petroleum origin. Cigarette smoke, which is one of the PAH sources mentioned above, is health hazard for human beings. The usage of cigarette has been, increasing during the last few years. Tobacco, which is used to make cigarette, is a common household word throughout the world. However, very few people are aware of the fact that the world "tobacco" was derived not from English or Latin but from the Spanish world "tubo" for the tube used by American Indians for inhaling the smoke. It was American Indians who first cultivated tobacco, and the substance was introduced into Europe by Christopher Columbus on his return from the New World. The botanical name for tobacco, "Nicotiana", comes not from the Latin but from the name, Jean Nicot, the 16th century French ambassa dor to Lisbon, wh© brought tobacco seeds back to the French Queen, Catherine de Medici. From the French court, tobacco was carried to the furthest reaches of the known world by Portuguese and Spanish sailors. Throughout human civilization tobacco, while not essential to life, is, at the same time, part and parcel of the daily life. How ever, at least in the civilized world, tobacco is considered neither a foodstuff nor a major fragrance commodity. Smoking habit changes with the life conditions of countries. Usage of cigarette has been decreasing in the developed countries while it has been increasing in the developing countries over the past decade.- Cigarette, which is the widespread use of tobacco, is burned for smoking. During the burning of cigarette^ it is found that there becomes lots" of hazardous products. These products are formed from the decomposition of compounds which are found in the structure of tobacco during burning and some are synthesized at the tip of the vii Cigarette, Where there is a 880°C temperature. Knowing the compounds that are present in the structure of the tobacco, will help to visual the possible distribution of the products that will be emmitted in the smoke of the cigarette. We can classify these substances into three groups. These are metals, radioactive substances and organic subs tances. Metallic elements (here after referred to as metals) can be incorporated into a growing tobacco plant from many sources. The metals may occur naturally in the growing soil, or can be added there to in fertilizers, soil mulchers, pesticides or polluted rain fall. Air borne particles can be deposited directly onto the plant surface and the metals can be incorporated into the tobacco on a local or systemic basis. These are chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Hi). Also there are radioactive metals which enters into the tobac co leaf in the same way that the other metals enter. There are also organic compounds which can be divided into these general groupings= hydrocarbons, acids, phenols, nitrogenous compounds, sulfurous compounds, 1 actones, alcohols, esters, aldehy des, ketones, and ethers. It is found that there are lots of hazardous products in the smokeduring the burning of cigarette. It is estimated that tobacco smoke contains at least 3875 different chemical constituents, many of which are known to be toxic and/or carcinogenic. Most of these compounds are found in both mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke (SS). MS is that volume of smoke drawn through the mouthpiece of the tobacco product during puffing; SS is emitted from the smoul dering cigarette in between puffs. The quantities of constituents emitted as undiluted SS components are often greater than those in MS. This is due to the lower temperatures and Limited availability of oxygen inside the burning cone during SS formation, and also because greater quantities of tobacco are being consumed during smouldering than during puff-drawing. The fact that tobacco has many noxious effects on human health is doubtless. The major partion of tobacco-specific air pollutants in environment originates from the burning cone of tobac co products between puffs, and waste smoke products which are not retained by inhalation but released into the environment after puff. This means to say that non-smokers may be object to harmful effects of tobacco-specific environmental pollutants. Thus, it can be said that the tobacco smoke is very important, harmful and potent environ mental pollutant for human beings. vi ü Chemical analyses of cigarette smoke reveal a maltitude of known mutagens and carcinogens. Moreover, these chemicals are ab~- sorbed, are metabolized, and cause demonstrable genetic changes in smokers. Smoking is carcinogenic for the lung, Larynx 5oral cavity, oesophagus and bladder and is probably a contributory factor to cancer at some other sites. Tobacco's contribution to all cancer deaths is estimated to be 30 percent and 85 percent of lung cancer cases are due to smoking and an estimated 50 to 70 percent of oral and Laryngical cancer deaths are associated with smoking. Furthermore, it was reported that cigarette smoking is estimated to be a factor in over half of esophageal clncer deaths; between 30 and 4G percent of bladder cancers are smoking-related, and up to 30 percent of deaths from pancreatic cancer might be attributable to smoking. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) can be formed from both natural and anthropogenic sources, although the latter are by far the major contributors of environmentally hazardous compounds of this class. In the anthropogenic sources, the mechanism of formation of PAC during incomplete combustion of organic material is far from being completely understood. It is believed that two distinct reac tion steps are involved, pyrolysis and pyrosynthesis. At high temperatures, organic compounds are partially cracked to smaller unstable molecules. (pyrolysis). These fragments, mostly radicals, recombine to yield larger, relatively stable aromatic hydrocarbons (pyrosynthesis). In general, all organic compounds containing carbon and hydro gen may serve as a precursors of PAH. However, pyrolysis of a sub stance displaying chain branching or unsaturation results in a overall increase in the production of PAH. Furthermore, PAH are formed more easily from pyrolysis of compounds that already contain cyclic structures. Where oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur is present in the starting material, oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur- containing analogs of the PAH can be expected. Optimum temperatures for the formation of PAH are in the range of 660-740°C. The maximum temperature of the burning zone of a cigarette has been found to be 880°C. A number of variables influence the yields of PAC in tobacco smoke. The frequency and duration of puffs, the type of tobacco, the type and permeability of cigarette paper and filter all contribute to the distribution of PAC. ix According to publish data by Lee, Novotny and Bart! e, daily intake of PAH, which can be taken from 20 cigarettes, are given as shown in the following table. Daily in Take of PAH (ug) From 20 cigarettes Fluoranthene 1.7 Pyrene 1.4 Benz(a)anthracene 0.5 Chrysene 1.0 Benzo(b) fluoranthene 0.1 Benzo(a)pyrene 0.3 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0.1 Dibenz(a,h) anthracene 0.1 The known health hazards associated with the increasing emissi on of polycyclic aromatic compounds into our environment, along with the developing societal environmental awareness dictate the need for both further structural identification and more accurate and precise quantitative measurement of these substances. In this study, the identification of PAH chemicals is done by capillar column chromatography for products obtained by Soxhlet ex traction of tobacco. Cigarette butts are collected from normal smo king and cigarette-holders and cigarette butts that are collected from cigarette smoking with cigarette-holder. These studies are made using five kinds of cigarettes, three of which are foreign and others Turkish. These cigarettes are= îlarlbora (filter tip,:Long), Camel (fil ter tip, Long), Parliament (charcoal filter tip), Maltepe (filter tip), Samsun Gold (filter tip). Cigarettes are bought directly from the market. Cigarettes are smoked at random as they were bought from the market. Each brand of cigarette is smoked by one person. Four kinds of smoking program are applied to each cigarette. These are smoking of cigarette directly which is termed as normal smo king and smoking of two, four and five cigarettes using one cigarette- holder which is termed as cigarette-holder smoking. Tobacco and collected cigarette butts and cigarette-holders are extracted using solvent mixture of toluen-methanol (3:1). Ex traction time for tobacco was 23 hours, and for cigarette-butts obtained from normal smoking and cigarette-holder smoking for five cigarettes were between 12-14 hours and for cigarette-butts and cigarette-holders obtained from cigarette-holder smoking of two, four and five cigarettes was 5-6 hr.