İnşaat sektöründeki firmaların organizasyonel yeteneklerinin çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleriyle incelenmesi

Abstract

İnşaat sektörü hem küresel düzeyde hem de Türkiye ekonomisi açısından önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ekonomik büyümeye katkısı, istihdam kapasitesi ve altyapı yatırımlarındaki rolü nedeniyle stratejik bir sektör olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sektörde artan rekabet, hızlı teknolojik gelişmeler ve yeni rakiplerin piyasaya girişi gibi faktörler, firmaların rekabet güçlerini sürdürebilmeleri açısından organizasyonel yeteneklerini geliştirme ve bu yeteneklerin farkında olma gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasında, Türkiye'de inşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmaların organizasyonel yeteneklerinin analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel amacı, bu firmaların pazardaki değişimlere uyum sağlayabilmeleri, rekabet avantajı elde edebilmeleri ve sürdürülebilir büyüme hedeflerine ulaşabilmeleri için sahip olmaları gereken organizasyonel yeteneklerin belirlenmesi ve önceliklendirilmesidir. Literatür taramaları doğrultusunda, Genel Yönetim, Teknik ve Proje Yönetimi olmak üzere üç ana grupta toplam yirmi bir organizasyonel yetenek tanımlanmıştır. Bu yeteneklerin değerlendirilmesi için Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV) yöntemlerinden Analitik Ağ Süreci (AAS) ve Ağırlıklı Toplam ve Çarpım Tabanlı Bütünleşik Değerlendirme (WASPAS) kullanılmıştır. Analitik Ağ Süreci (Analytic Network Process) yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen analiz kapsamında, organizasyonel yeteneklerin proje başarısına etkileri uzman görüşlerine dayalı ikili karşılaştırmalarla değerlendirilmiştir. Bu analizde sektörde deneyim sahibi on üç uzmandan veri toplanmıştır. Ağırlıklı Toplam ve Çarpım Tabanlı Bütünleşik Değerlendirme (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) yöntemiyle yapılan ikinci analizde ise farklı proje türleri (konut, ticari yapılar, altyapı, endüstriyel tesis) için organizasyonel yeteneklerin gereklilik düzeyi değerlendirilmiş; bu analiz için on sekiz uzmandan anket yoluyla veri elde edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, her iki analizde de Genel Yönetim grubu en yüksek öncelik düzeyine sahip olurken, Teknik grup ikinci sırada, Proje Yönetimi grubu ise son sırada yer almıştır. Teknik ve Operasyonel Uygulamalar yeteneği, proje başarısına etkisi açısından tüm analizlerde en yüksek değeri alarak öne çıkmıştır. Ayrıca İnovasyon ve Ar-Ge Yetenekleri, İnşaat Teknolojileri Uygulama Yeteneği, Stratejik Planlama, Maliyet ve Kalite Yönetimi gibi yetenekler de yüksek öncelik düzeyleriyle dikkat çekmiştir. Proje türlerine göre yapılan değerlendirmelerde en yüksek gereklilik düzeyinin sırasıyla endüstriyel tesisler ve altyapı projelerinde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak bu tez çalışması, hem teorik literatürde organizasyonel yeteneklerin ÇKKV değerlendirilmesine yönelik sınırlı sayıdaki çalışmaya katkı sunmakta, hem de pratikte Türkiye'deki inşaat sektöründe faaliyet gösteren firmalar için stratejik bir değerlendirme çerçevesi ortaya koymaktadır. Geliştirilen model yardımıyla firmaların kendi yeteneklerini değerlendirme ve stratejik planlamalarını bu doğrultuda yapma konusunda yol gösterilmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu çerçevede, firmaların rekabet avantajı elde etmeleri, değişen sektör dinamiklerine uyum sağlamaları ve uzun vadeli kurumsal başarıya ulaşmaları açısından organizasyonel yeteneklerini değerlendirme ve geliştirme süreçlerine daha fazla önem vermeleri önerilmektedir.

The construction industry plays a crucial role in both the global economy and the economic structure of Türkiye. Due to its significant contribution to national income, employment opportunities, and infrastructure development, it is considered a strategic industry. However, it is also characterized by intense competition, rapid technological change, and the frequent entry of new firms, all of which make it increasingly challenging for companies to remain competitive. In this dynamic environment, the ability of construction companies to be aware of and develop their organizational capabilities has become essential for maintaining competitiveness, achieving long-term success, and adapting to sectoral transformation. This thesis aims to identify and evaluate the key organizational capabilities that construction companies operating in Türkiye need to develop in order to achieve sustainable growth, respond effectively to market changes, and maintain long-term competitiveness. While the concept of organizational capabilities has been addressed in the literature in the context of project success, performance, and strategic development, there is a notable gap in the use of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods in this field. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to the theoretical literature by integrating MCDM techniques and to practical applications by offering a systematic evaluation model to construction companies. Based on a comprehensive literature review of studies from both the construction and other industries, a set of twenty one organizational capabilities was defined and grouped under three main categories: General Management Capabilities, Technical Capabilities, and Project Management Capabilities. The analysis of these capabilities was carried out using two MCDM methods: the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS). In the ANP-based analysis, the relative importance of organizational capabilities in contributing to project success was assessed through a structured pairwise comparison questionnaire. This survey was distributed to a group of thirteen experts in the construction industry, and responses were collected through the SurveyMonkey online platform. A 1-to-9 Saaty scale was employed for pairwise comparisons. The second analysis used the WASPAS method, which aimed to determine the necessity level of each organizational capability based on different project types. In this phase, 18 participants evaluated capabilities using a 1-to-5 rating scale across four project types: Residential Buildings, Commercial Structures, Infrastructure Projects, and Industrial Facilities. The ANP analysis revealed that, at the capability group level, General Management Capabilities consistently ranked highest in priority, followed by Technical Capabilities and Project Management Capabilities. At the capability level, Technical and Operational Applications stood out as the most influential capability in achieving project success across all expert responses. Other capabilities that consistently received high priority scores included Innovation and R&D, Implementation of Construction Technologies, Strategic Planning, Cost Management, and Quality Management. Further analyses based on demographic variables were also conducted. The priority ranking of capability groups did not change across different expert profiles. However, at the capability level, some distinctions were observed. For example, within the General Management group, Innovation and R&D emerged as the highest-priority capability. In the Project Management group, Cost Management ranked highest overall, but it was noted that respondents with the title of Project Executive and those working in the public sector assigned slightly higher importance to Quality Management than to Cost Management. In the WASPAS-based analysis, the relative necessity of capabilities for different project types was evaluated. The ranking of capability groups remained consistent across all project types, with General Management again coming first. For each type of project, Technical and Operational Applications continued to rank as the most essential capability within the Technical group, and Cost Management led within the Project Management group. In contrast, the dominant capabilities within the General Management group varied depending on the project type, reflecting the nuanced nature of managerial needs across different construction contexts. The analysis revealed that Industrial Facilities and Infrastructure Projects exhibited higher necessity levels for organizational capabilities than other project types. Data for both methods were collected through online surveys using the SurveyMonkey platform. The use of two distinct MCDM approaches enabled a multi-perspective evaluation, allowing both the prioritization of capabilities for project success and the contextual assessment of their necessity based on project characteristics. The developed model provides a structured framework for construction companies to assess their current organizational capabilities. It offers strategic guidance for evaluating both strengths and areas for improvement, enabling companies to create targeted action plans aligned with market requirements. This framework can also serve as a diagnostic tool for aligning internal competencies with external project demands. This thesis contributes to the academic literature by applying ANP and WASPAS—two relatively underutilized decision-making methods in construction capability assessment—to organizational capabilities, an area where MCDM methods have not been extensively applied. At the same time, it proposes a practical model that companies can use to self-assess and improve their internal processes, with a focus on capability-driven strategic planning. Some limitations of the study should also be acknowledged. Given the sector-specific nature of the research and the fact that it was conducted solely within the context of Türkiye, the number of participants remained limited, and the length and complexity of the ANP survey may have affected respondent engagement. Future studies could seek to increase participation or streamline survey design. Additionally, a case study application within a single construction firm could be conducted to observe the implementation of the proposed model in a real-world environment. Another promising direction would be to integrate the concept of dynamic capabilities, focusing not only on identifying organizational capabilities but also on exploring how firms develop and reconfigure them in response to environmental change. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the limited body of literature that evaluates organizational capabilities through MCDM methods, while also offering a strategic assessment framework for construction companies operating in Türkiye. The proposed model is intended to guide companies in evaluating their own capabilities and aligning their strategic planning efforts accordingly. Within this framework, it is recommended that firms place greater emphasis on the assessment and development of their organizational capabilities in order to gain competitive advantage, adapt to evolving industry dynamics, and ensure long-term organizational sustainability.