Comprehensıve analysıs of vıtamın D3 adsorptıon and monıtorıng usıng QCM wıth hydrophobıc algınate-halloysıte nanoclay composıte bılayers

Abstract

Biosensors that use quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) provide an alternative to analytical methods. They can track binding events in real-time and have very sensitive bulk detection capabilities. QCM analyzes the impact of deposits adhering to a quartz crystal on its vibration frequency. In addition to the economic and practical benefits, QCM sensing offers several inherent advantages in biosensors. First of all, the binding process may be observed and analyzed in real time because to the QCM's fast reaction. It enables researchers to quantify the binding kinetics, such as the association and dissociation rates, of the protein to the sensor surface. This information can be crucial for understanding the protein's behavior and for developing new drugs or diagnostic tools. Secondly, it eliminates the requirement for labeling to detect affinity events. This reduces complexity and allows for more streamlined detection processes. Thirdly, unlike other sensing techniques, QCM is not dependent on the optical properties of the surrounding media, making it versatile and applicable in a wider range of environments. One additional benefit is its capacity to identify variations in the viscosity and viscoelasticity of the solution and the biointerface, respectively. This capability provides valuable information about the molecular interactions and binding events taking place. Lastly, QCM sensing can be easily combined with other transduction techniques such as electrochemistry or spectrophotometry, enhancing its versatility and potentially improving detection sensitivity. QCM sensors have faced challenges in utilizing tiny molecules for coating due to limitations in fabrication devices. This has made it challenging to design QCM sensors suitable for continuous media. However, composite materials provide an alternative approach to modifying quartz crystal surfaces and broaden the applications of QCM sensors. Furthermore, the specificity of sensors utilizing nanoparticles and nanocomposites could be enhanced through the modification or creation of a novel sensor capable of accurately detecting the desired substance in real-world samples. In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in delivery methods based on biopolymers due to their non-toxic nature, convenience, and wide range of application areas. One biopolymer of interest is alginate and its derivatives, which are widely accepted as important matrices for controlled release systems. Alginate is a naturally occurring polysaccharide consisting of α-l-guluronic acid and β-d-mannuronic acid monomers that are connected in different ratios. The food and pharmaceutical sectors frequently utilize sodium alginate, one of its sodium salts, as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing ingredient. Alginate's primary property is its capacity to combine with divalent metal ions to generate insoluble crosslinked gels that resemble egg boxes. The properties of the resulting gel depend on the type of metal ion used for crosslinking, with magnesium ions being unable to form a crosslinked structure. Hydrophobic modification enhances the stability of sodium alginate in various environments, such as acidic or alkaline conditions, high temperatures, and organic solvents.