Sualtı kültürel peyzajının dokümantasyonu ve haritalanması: Likya antik bölgesi - Kaş
Sualtı kültürel peyzajının dokümantasyonu ve haritalanması: Likya antik bölgesi - Kaş
Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Gürevin, Sinem
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Özet
Sualtı kültürel peyzajının dokümantasyonu ve haritalandırılması konusunun kapsamı, peyzaj mimarlığı, arkeoloji, tarih, geomatik ve sualtı araştırmaları gibi farklı disiplinlerden oluşmaktadır. Binlerce yılın izlerini döndüğünüz her köşe başında karşınıza çıkaran Likya, geçmişe ait taşıdığı izler açısından oldukça zengin, Türkiye'nin en turistik bölgelerinden biridir. Likya'nın oldukça önemli bir parçası olan Kaş, eski uygarlıklara tanık olmuştur, keşfedilmiş ve keşfedilmeyi bekleyen çok sayıda kalıntıya sahiptir. Bu araştırmanın asıl amacı bu kalıntıları ortaya çıkarmak ve onları akademik literatürün bir parçası haline getirmektir. Kaş, araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bölgenin kültürü ve denizle etkileşimi antik dönemlere kadar dayanmaktadır. Bu çalışma alanı, sualtı kültürel peyzajı yaklaşımı ile değerlendirmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, sualtı kültürel peyzaj alanlarının araştırılması ve ortaya çıkarılması, sualtı kültürel miraslarının tespit edilmesi, bilimsel bir yaklaşımla haritalandırılması ve belgelenmesidir. Bu kültürel peyzaj alanları ortaya çıkarıldığında, kültür miraslarımızın korunması mümkün olacaktır. Bu araştırma aynı zamanda sualtı kültür peyzaj alanlarının yönetim planının altyapısı olarak da kullanılabilir. Peyzaj mimarlığı disiplininin ana konularından biri olan kültürel peyzaj bu çalışmanın kapsamını tanımlar. Peyzaj zamana, kültüre ve mekâna göre birçok farklı anlam barındırabilen karmaşık bir kavramdır. Peyzaj mimarlığı coğrafya ve turizmden, arkeoloji ve antropolojiye kadar çeşitli disiplinleri içerebilir. Kültürel kaynaklar ve doğa arasındaki mesafe ancak kültürel peyzaj yaklaşımıyla kapanabilir. Kültürel miraslar yenilenemeyen kültürel kaynaklardır ve geçmişin antropojenik ve doğal değişiklikleriyle kültürel peyzaja ışık tutar. Kültürel miras, kentsel ve kırsal alanların niteliğinin ve kimliğinin geliştirilmesinde ve aynı zamanda turizm için bir kaynak oluşturmada etkilidir. Kaş sınırları içindeki karasal alanlarda çok sayıda arkeolojik kalıntı bulunmuştur ve daha fazlası için araştırmalar devam etmektedir. Bölgenin tarihi, insanların denizle etkileşimi ve hatta bölgedeki bazı antik kentlerin sular altında olması, karadaki araştırmalara kapsamlı bir sualtı araştırmasının eklenmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Dalgıçların ve balıkçıların yıllar boyunca karşılaştığı kalıntılar ve gemi enkazları bölgenin önemli bir sualtı kültürel mirasına sahip olduğunu doğrulamaktadır. Ancak, bu değerler zamanla fırtınalar ve akıntılar tarafından aşınmaya devam etmektedir. Ayrıca, dalış teknikleri ve dalış teknolojilerinin gelişmesi nedeniyle son yüz yılda hırsızlığa da maruz kalmaktadırlar. Kaş'taki sualtı kültürel mirasını koruyabilmek ve bunları kültürel değerlerimize ekleyebilmek için, bu alanda bulunan eserleri haritadaki kalıntıların bilgisiyle sunmak çok önemlidir. Böyle bir çalışma Türkiye'de daha önce hiç yapılmamıştır ve bu araştırmanın asıl önemi bu noktada ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sualtı araştırma alanının kültürel miraslarının harita üzerinde kesin koordinatları ve mevcut durumu ile gösterilmesi, kültürel değerlerimizi korumamıza ve tanımamıza yardımcı olacaktır. Araştırmanın kapsamı gereği, bugüne kadar bulunan kültürlerin devam etmekte olan çalışmalarını desteklemek ve yeni bilgilere ulaşmak mümkün olacaktır. Kapsam dahilinde izlenen yöntemde, araştırmaya literatür çalışması yapılarak başlanmıştır. Temel teoriler araştırıldıktan sonra bölgenin tarihi, coğrafyası, fiziki koşulları ve ekonomik koşulları gibi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bir sonraki aşama bölgedeki pilot noktaların seçilmesidir. Pilot bölgelerdeki kalıntıların oluşma sebeplerinin neler olabileceği ve neden kalıntıların belirli bölgelerde toplandığı üzerine çalışılmıştır. Alanın genelinde kalıntıların yaklaşık dönemsel haritaları çıkarılmıştır. Araştırma bölgelerinde kullanılacak ölçüm yöntemleri belirlenerek ekip oluşturulmuş ve sualtı kültürel peyzaj alanların da ulaşılabilen belirli örnekler seçilerek belgelenmiş, koordinatları ile harita üzerine işlenmiştir. Bu araştırma, bölgenin tarihini, gelişimini ve değişimini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Harita üzerinde yer alan bulgular tarihsel bilgileri ile belirtildiği için, araştırma alanının tamamını kronolojik sıraya göre anlamaya yardımcı olur. Sualtında çok fazla kültürel kalıntı bulunmaktadır. Bunlar çoğunlukla gemi enkazları ve doğal, teknik veya kazayla ilgili sebeplerden dolayı batan yükleridir. Eşsiz bir değere sahip olan bu kalıntılar, yalnızca ait oldukları medeniyet dönemini değil, aynı zamanda ait oldukları kültürün nasıl yayıldığını da gösterir. Geçmişi incelemek geniş ve kapsamlı bir konudur ve geçmişin izleri karada veya su altında bulunabilir. Kalıntıların önemli kültürel varlıklar olabilmesi için bu izlerin tarihi, mimari veya bilimsel bir değeri olmalıdır. Bulunan kalıntılar bir disipline dayanan bir sosyo-kültürel düzene dahil edilebildiğinde, kültürel değeri olan kalıntılar haline gelir. İnsan kültürünün tarihi, bilimsel veya mimari izlerini taşıyan kalıntılar sualtı kültür kaynağı olarak kabul edilir. Bu tanımda, en küçüğünden en büyüğüne kadar deniz taşıtları ve batık hava taşıtları ve bunların kargoları, sualtı şehirleri ve yapıları ve hatta insan kalıntıları sualtı kültürel kaynağı olabilir. Toplumların kimliklerini tanımlamak için kullanılan tüm kültürel kaynaklar, insanlığa ait değerlerdir. Kültürel miras, bir toplumdaki bireylerin ortak tarihlerini ifade eden ve aralarındaki birlik duygusunu güçlendiren bir faktördür. İnsanların tarih boyunca biriktirdikleri deneyim ve geleneklerin sürekliliğini sağlar. İnsan etkisinin bir sonucu olarak, sualtı kültürel mirasları deniz tabanının tümünü kaplar. Bu nedenle, sualtı kültürel peyzaj alanları ayrıca sualtı kültürel miraslarını da içerir. Her ne kadar toplumların ve bireylerin denizle ilişkileri insanlık tarihi kadar eski olsa da denizciliğin gelişimi özellikle 1500'lerden bu yana ivme kazanmıştır. Sualtı kültür mirasları yüzlerce yıldır dünyaya yayılmıştır. Dünya tarihi boyunca, doğal afetler, binlerce geminin denize batmasına neden olmuş ve kıyı bölgelerindeki pek çok şehri sular altında bırakmıştır. Bu gemilerin, yapıların ve diğer kültürel unsurların çoğu su yüzeyinden görülemediğinden bu kalıntılar göllerin, denizlerin ve okyanusların altında güvenli bir şekilde korunmuş ve günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Günümüze kadar gelmeyi başarmış olan bu sualtı kültür miraslarının bir parçası Kaş ilçesinde belirlenen pilot bölgelerde yapılan bir çalışma ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Çalışmada karşılaşılan belirli zorluklar sebebi ile sadece bölgedeki dalış bölgelerinde bulunan amfora, çapa ve batık kalıntıları belgelenmiş ve harita üzerinde koordinatları belirtilmiştir. Bu aşamaya kadar öncesinde gerek teorik gerek ise çalışma alanın ön araştırması olarak pek çok inceleme yapılmış bölgenin mevcut koşullarının haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Bu araştırma, Kaş'ta sular altında kalan alanlara yapılan kültürel peyzaj analizinin bir uygulamasıdır. Sonuçlar, sualtı kültür peyzajlarının bizi bilgilendirmek ve ilerletmek için oldukça yüksek potansiyele sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Sosyal kimliğin oluşması için geçmişin farkındalığı yadsınamaz. Sosyal duygular toplumla birlikte anlam kazanmış ve toplumun devamlılığı hissi toplumu oluşturan her birey için değerlidir. Kültürel değerler, toplumun geçmişini oluşturan bir bütünün parçalarıdır. Bu nedenle, sosyal hafızayı oluşturan ve bölgede yaşayan insanların genel kültürüne dayanan kültürel kaynaklar çok önemlidir. Sualtı dünyasındaki kültürel değerlere erişim, onları zararlı eylemlere karşı savunmasız bırakmak ile birlikte tarihi, kültürleri ve medeniyetleri anlamamıza yardımcı olur. Bu nedenle, sualtı kültür mirasının korunması, tarihsel değerlerimizin korunması anlamına gelir. Sualtı kültürel peyzaj alanlarını korumak için en yararlı yöntem kalıntıları belgeledikten sonra bölgedeki yerel halkı bilgilendirmek ve değerlerinin takdir edilmesini sağlamaktır. Bununla birlikte, doğanın tehlikelerine karşı hiçbir şey yapılamaz. Peyzaj alanları ister tasarlanmış ister doğal olarak mevcut olsa da sürekliliğini korumak için hava, su ve toprak gibi doğal kaynaklara ihtiyaç duyar. Çevresindeki doğal sistemler ile yıkılmaz bir bağlantı içindedir. Bu bağlantı kültürel peyzaj alanlarını diğer kültürel miraslardan ayıran temel özelliktir. Neredeyse tüm kültürel mirasların taşınamamasının nedeni budur. Kültürel peyzaj alanların çevreleri ile olan ilişkisinin bazen onarılması gerekir, ancak her zaman yönetilmesini gerektir. Birçok farklı disiplinin bir arada çalışmasıyla kültürel alanların yönetimi ve planlanması sağlanabilir. Peyzaj mimarları, tarihçiler, arkeologlar, ormancılık profesyonelleri, tasarımcılar, mimarlar, mühendisler, kültürel coğrafya uzmanları, yaban hayatı uzmanları, tohum poleni uzmanları, peyzaj bakım ve yönetim uzmanlarının iş birliği ile kültürel peyzaj alanlarının yönetimi için stratejiler geliştirilebilir. Her kültürel alanın yönetimi farklı bir yöntem, farklı bir strateji gerektirir. Çünkü çevre, iklim, coğrafi ve tarihi özellikler değişebilir. Bazı kültürel peyzajlar bir metropolün ortasındaki küçük bir bölge olsa da bazıları sualtında, diğerleri ise binlerce dönüm alana yayılmış bir kırsal alan olabilir. Kültürel peyzaj alanlarının yönetimi, kültürel bir peyzaj alanı olarak kabul edilen bölgenin tanımlanması ile başlar. Bundan sonra, en önemli adım, hasara neden olabilecek faktörleri önlemektir. Alanların devamlılığını sağlamak için iyi bir yönetim planı hazırlanmalıdır. Yapılan tüm bu araştırmalar sonucunda Kaş'taki kültürün topografya tarafından şekillendirildiği ve geliştiği açıktır. Bölgenin değerlerini ortaya çıkarmak ve herkesle paylaşmak için, önceki kültürlerin tüm izlerini ortaya çıkarmak ve anlamak önemlidir. Mevcut kültürü, kendimizi ve içinde yaşadığımız ortamı anlamak için kültürümüzün gelişimini ve tarihini sebepleri ve sonuçları ile anlamamız gerekir.
The extent of documentation and mapping of underwater cultural landscapes consists of different disciplines, such as, landscape architecture, archeology, history, geometrics and underwater research. Kaş has witnessed ancient civilizations and has numerous remains that are waiting to be discovered and understood. The main objective of this research is to uncover these ancient remains and make them a part of the academic literature. When they have become recognized and mapped, a guideline could be provided for preserving and managing our heritages. Kaş was designated as research area because its culture and interaction with sea dates backs to prehistoric times. This study evaluates the area in underwater cultural landscape structure. The aim of this research has been, how to research and reveal the submerged underwater cultural landscape areas and to detect underwater cultural heritages, mapping and documenting them with a scientific approach, so that they can be admitted to academic literature and become a part of our culture. When these cultural landscape areas are acknowledged, the preservation of our heritages would be possible. This documentation can also be used as the substructure for a management plan of underwater cultural landscapes. Cultural landscape, which is one of the main subjects of the landscape architecture discipline, defines the scope of this study. Landscape is a complex concept that can contain many different meanings according to time, culture and place. Landscape architecture can include disciplines ranging from geography and tourism to archeology and anthropology. The distance between cultural resources and nature can only be shortened by cultural landscape approach. Comprehending the relationship between natural resources such as geography and history, which constitute cultural resources, helps to understand the complex socio-economic system. Cultural heritages are non-renewable cultural resources and shed light on the cultural landscape with the anthropogenic and natural changes of the past. The cultural heritages are effective in the development of the quality and identity of urban and rural areas, as well as being a source for tourism. Several archaeological remains have been found in the terrestrial areas within the borderlines of Kaş and researches are continuing for more. The history of the region, the interaction of people with the sea and even the fact that some ancient cities in the region are under the water, show that a comprehensive underwater research should be added to the researches on land. The ruins and shipwrecks that divers and fishermen have come across over the years confirm that the region has important submerged cultural heritages. However, these values continue to be eroded by storms and currents in time. They are also exposed to theft in the last hundred years due to the development of diving techniques and diving technologies. In order to be able to protect the underwater cultural heritage in Kaş and to be able to add those to our cultural values, it is very important to present the artifacts found in this area with the information of the remains on a map. Such a study was never done before in Turkey and it reveals the original value of this research. The fact that the cultural heritages of the research area underwater are shown on the map with its exact coordinates and current status will help us to protect and recognize our cultural values. Due to the scope of the research, it will be possible to support the ongoing studies of the cultures that have been found so far and to reach new information. This research aims to reveal the historical landscape, development and change of the region. As the findings indicated on the map with their historical information, it helps to understand the whole of the research area in chronological order. There are a lot of cultural traces underwater. These are mostly shipwrecks and their cargo that sunk because of natural, technical or accident-related reasons. These ruins, which have unique value, not only give information about the period - civilization they belong to, but also display how that culture spread. More studies need to be done about these cultural traces found underwater. Researches on this issue have begun to progress and has not yet reached their potential. Studying the past is a broad and comprehensive subject, and traces of the past can be found on land or underwater. These traces must have a historical, architectural or scientific value in order for the remains to be important cultural assets. When the found remains can be included in a socio-cultural order based on a discipline, they become ruins with cultural value. The remains that carry the historical, scientific or architectural traces of human culture are considered as underwater cultural sources. Within this definition, from the smallest to the largest of the sea vehicles and submerged air vehicles and their cargos, underwater cities and structures, and even human remains may be underwater cultural resource. All cultural resources, which are used to define the identities of societies, are regarded as a value belonging to humanity. Cultural heritage is a factor that expresses the shared histories of individuals in a society and strengthens the sense of unity among them. It ensures the continuity of the experiences and traditions that people have accumulated throughout history. Underwater cultural heritages cover all traces of the sea floor as a result of human influence. Thus, the underwater cultural landscape also includes underwater cultural heritage. The underwater cultural heritage has been formed by the human-marine relationship that has been going on for thousands of years, they have left untouched because the technology was not existed to identify and reach these legacies. In this day and age, with the recent technical developments, human beings are able to examine the underwater environment and its content. Although the relations of societies and individuals with the sea are as old as the history of mankind, the development of marine societies has gained momentum especially since the 1500s. Underwater cultural heritages have spread throughout the world for hundreds of years such as ships, cargo, aircrafts and so on. There are also many sunken ancient cities, such as the ruins of Alexandria in Egypt. Throughout the history of the world, natural disasters caused thousands of ships sinking into the sea and have buried many cities in the coastal areas. Many of these ships, structures and other cultural elements cannot be seen from the water surface, and these remains have been safely preserved under lakes - seas - oceans and have survived to the present day. To give a brief about this research, the work progress is explained with the following. A theoretical resource research was conducted as first step in the methodology. With the help of the resources, a proper way was found to do an underwater documentation. Also main components of the theory were reviewed, such as maritime cultural landscape theory or underwater archeology. The methodology followed in the research after determining the main case area, was a general survey. Many sources were studied thoroughly and the important data collected. After the literature research with books, maps and aerial photographs, many interviews were conducted with local people including fishermen and divers. After all the theory studies, field study was the subsequent step. At this stage, it was a necessity to investigate the factors causing underwater heritages. While the majority of the underwater ruins were caused by the sinking of the sea vessels, the remaining part was formed by the submerged structures and the cities. Topography, storms, currents and wind are the main reasons for the nature based incidents. Kaş's topography has hard rocky cliffs that are an obstacle development and transportation. The rocky structure of the land continues underwater. All of the dive sites in the study area are composed of rocky areas, sometimes they are the extension of the coasts, but sometimes they are reefs formed by the rocks in the sandy underwater regions. The relationship between the sea and the land is highly indented - this is why there are many islands and peninsula in the region. As a result of this coastal type, the continental shelf in the Kas region is narrow but the sea depth is extended. When the topography of the seaside of Kaş is examined, it is seen that there are many different sizes of islands as well as hills rising underwater. Although it is not known whether these rock formations were above or below the water surface in the past, the combination of harsh weather conditions and topography still pose a threat to the watercrafts. To summarize it is accurate to notify that topography has constantly influenced the culture of the region since its first settlement. Wind, thermohaline and wave currents are usually seen in the research area. Sudden changes in the topography affect the streams in the waters of Kaş. Sea currents change their intensity depending on the storm periods. In addition, İnce Burun, located in the Limanağzı Region, constitutes bursts in the rocky cliffs between Heybeli Islands and Pina Island and in the cliffs to the southwest of Kovan Island. Another factor that affects the sea is wind. The winds from the west, due to the geographic features of Kaş, are frequently seen, including northwest and southwest. Likewise, the winds from the east also has severe disturbs. It is not possible to ignore the effect of winds gusting within the research area on the formation of underwater remains in the region. Even today, it is seen that the extreme winds gusting during the storm periods, the waves in the sea damage the coastal roads and attached boats. When the physical conditions distressing, it is justifiably necessary to question how these situations can be solved. When these conditions of Kaş are examined, it is obvious that sea vessels need to find shelter at different points for different prevailing winds. Refuge points in the research area for different weather conditions were marked on the maps and the positive and negative aspects of the refuge in these areas were examined. The archaeological research techniques alone are not enough in researching the underwater cultural heritage. Although the followed path in underwater archaeological researches contains points that overlap with a normal archeology excavation, it also includes different disciplines due to its environment. The underwater cultural landscape studies occur with the disciplines of archeology, underwater research and diving progress together. The developments in the research and diving techniques have helped the improvements for exploration and investigation of underwater cultural heritage. The field study part of the research was started with surface sea survey. Even in the course of researching cultural landscapes in dry land is challenging, an underwater survey can be faced with much more difficulties. Since it was not possible to have all requirements, the water surface scanning was carried out just to generate an example. Subsequently, underwater research was initiated by diving. A boat with sonar scanners was needed so it would allow us to scan from the surface first. In this process, the sonar devices have helped to determine the areas that have traces for remains. Another challenge was to establish the right team. On the subject of the diving partner, volunteers were needed to be found for this study, who can cover the cost of their dives, spend their holidays underwater for our research, and most importantly be a reliable, good diver. Dives were executed during the dive season and found the remains of the ruins, and then waited for the appropriate time to dive for documenting the remains with a dive partner. Every single factor, data and underwater maps were examined primarily in the selection of pilot areas. With the help of preliminary survey maps, the focus points are relieved. Since all dives were performed in diving points in Kaş, attention was paid to the presence of traces from different cultures in selected regions. As a result of these researches, four diving points were selected as pilot regions. In pilot areas, many dives were executed and the ruin samples were photographed and measured. Afterwards, the data obtained were examined, documented, evaluated and mapped in case areas. As conclusion, This research was an application of a cultural landscape analysis to the submerged cultural landscapes in Kaş. The results have shown that the underwater cultural landscapes have extremely high potential for educating and moving us forward. For the formation of social identity, the awareness of the past is undeniable. Social emotions, together with society, have gained meaning, and the feeling of continuity of society is valuable for each of the individuals who make up the society. Cultural values are parts of a whole that constitute the past of society. For this reason, cultural resources which constitute the social memory and which are based on the general culture of the people living in the region are very important. The sources of cultural values have been destroyed and emerged throughout history. While the destruction in the wars was one of the reasons for the destruction of the culture, the economic problems, the different political views and the perspective of the religions to the cultures are also important in this regard. Destroying traces of ancient cultures has made it easier for new cultures to dominate. While all these obstacles exist, it is very difficult to maintain cultural resources, especially if they are underwater as in this research. Because these areas are more easily exposed to theft and looting, and those located near the coasts are also threatened by urbanization. The access to cultural values in the underwater world made them vulnerable to false threats as well as to help us understand history, cultures, and civilizations. For this reason, preservation of underwater cultural heritage means protection of our historical values. The most useful measure to protect the underwater cultural landscape areas is to inform the local people in the region and to ensure that their values are appreciated. Although, there is nothing can be done against the dangers of nature. The present conditions raise a question about whether the remains that are part of the underwater cultural landscape areas should be protected in site or exhibited in a way that they can be brought to the surface suitably and be accessible to more people. The most sensible thing to follow in this case is to implement the process of decision-making in the underwater cultural heritage. On site protection is offered for our research area. Because, the natural structure and the remains constitute a cultural landscape area as a whole. Whether landscape areas are designed or naturally exist, in order to maintain its continuity, it requires natural resources such as air, water and soil. It is in an indestructible connection within the surrounding natural systems. This connection is the main feature that distinguishes cultural landscapes from other cultural heritages. This is the reason why almost every other cultural heritage cannot be moved. The relationship of cultural landscapes has with environment, sometimes needs it to be repaired but always requires to be managed. Management and planning of cultural landscapes can be achieved by working together of many different disciplines. Strategies can be developed for the management of cultural landscape areas with the cooperation of landscape architects, historians, archaeological landscape experts, forestry, design, architecture, engineering, cultural geography, wildlife, seed – pollen experts, landscape maintenance and management experts. Management of each cultural landscape requires a different method, a different strategy. Because the environment, climate, geographic and historical characteristics may vary. While some cultural landscapes may be a small region in the middle of a metropolis, some may be underwater, others can be a rural area spread over thousands of acres. The management of cultural landscapes begins with the identification of the region, which is regarded as a cultural landscape area. After that, the most important step is to prevent the factors that may have caused damage. In order to ensure continuity of the site, a good management plan should be prepared. These areas generally require ongoing management in the field, and as the outset of this management, a landscape architect, who specializes in landscape protection, is required. As a result of all these researches that have been gone through, it is obvious that the culture in Kaş is shaped and developed by topography. It is significant to reveal and understand all the traces of these previous cultures, in order to reveal the values of the region and to share with everyone. To understand existing culture, our setting and ourselves in which we live, we need to understand the growth and history of our culture with its causes and consequences.
The extent of documentation and mapping of underwater cultural landscapes consists of different disciplines, such as, landscape architecture, archeology, history, geometrics and underwater research. Kaş has witnessed ancient civilizations and has numerous remains that are waiting to be discovered and understood. The main objective of this research is to uncover these ancient remains and make them a part of the academic literature. When they have become recognized and mapped, a guideline could be provided for preserving and managing our heritages. Kaş was designated as research area because its culture and interaction with sea dates backs to prehistoric times. This study evaluates the area in underwater cultural landscape structure. The aim of this research has been, how to research and reveal the submerged underwater cultural landscape areas and to detect underwater cultural heritages, mapping and documenting them with a scientific approach, so that they can be admitted to academic literature and become a part of our culture. When these cultural landscape areas are acknowledged, the preservation of our heritages would be possible. This documentation can also be used as the substructure for a management plan of underwater cultural landscapes. Cultural landscape, which is one of the main subjects of the landscape architecture discipline, defines the scope of this study. Landscape is a complex concept that can contain many different meanings according to time, culture and place. Landscape architecture can include disciplines ranging from geography and tourism to archeology and anthropology. The distance between cultural resources and nature can only be shortened by cultural landscape approach. Comprehending the relationship between natural resources such as geography and history, which constitute cultural resources, helps to understand the complex socio-economic system. Cultural heritages are non-renewable cultural resources and shed light on the cultural landscape with the anthropogenic and natural changes of the past. The cultural heritages are effective in the development of the quality and identity of urban and rural areas, as well as being a source for tourism. Several archaeological remains have been found in the terrestrial areas within the borderlines of Kaş and researches are continuing for more. The history of the region, the interaction of people with the sea and even the fact that some ancient cities in the region are under the water, show that a comprehensive underwater research should be added to the researches on land. The ruins and shipwrecks that divers and fishermen have come across over the years confirm that the region has important submerged cultural heritages. However, these values continue to be eroded by storms and currents in time. They are also exposed to theft in the last hundred years due to the development of diving techniques and diving technologies. In order to be able to protect the underwater cultural heritage in Kaş and to be able to add those to our cultural values, it is very important to present the artifacts found in this area with the information of the remains on a map. Such a study was never done before in Turkey and it reveals the original value of this research. The fact that the cultural heritages of the research area underwater are shown on the map with its exact coordinates and current status will help us to protect and recognize our cultural values. Due to the scope of the research, it will be possible to support the ongoing studies of the cultures that have been found so far and to reach new information. This research aims to reveal the historical landscape, development and change of the region. As the findings indicated on the map with their historical information, it helps to understand the whole of the research area in chronological order. There are a lot of cultural traces underwater. These are mostly shipwrecks and their cargo that sunk because of natural, technical or accident-related reasons. These ruins, which have unique value, not only give information about the period - civilization they belong to, but also display how that culture spread. More studies need to be done about these cultural traces found underwater. Researches on this issue have begun to progress and has not yet reached their potential. Studying the past is a broad and comprehensive subject, and traces of the past can be found on land or underwater. These traces must have a historical, architectural or scientific value in order for the remains to be important cultural assets. When the found remains can be included in a socio-cultural order based on a discipline, they become ruins with cultural value. The remains that carry the historical, scientific or architectural traces of human culture are considered as underwater cultural sources. Within this definition, from the smallest to the largest of the sea vehicles and submerged air vehicles and their cargos, underwater cities and structures, and even human remains may be underwater cultural resource. All cultural resources, which are used to define the identities of societies, are regarded as a value belonging to humanity. Cultural heritage is a factor that expresses the shared histories of individuals in a society and strengthens the sense of unity among them. It ensures the continuity of the experiences and traditions that people have accumulated throughout history. Underwater cultural heritages cover all traces of the sea floor as a result of human influence. Thus, the underwater cultural landscape also includes underwater cultural heritage. The underwater cultural heritage has been formed by the human-marine relationship that has been going on for thousands of years, they have left untouched because the technology was not existed to identify and reach these legacies. In this day and age, with the recent technical developments, human beings are able to examine the underwater environment and its content. Although the relations of societies and individuals with the sea are as old as the history of mankind, the development of marine societies has gained momentum especially since the 1500s. Underwater cultural heritages have spread throughout the world for hundreds of years such as ships, cargo, aircrafts and so on. There are also many sunken ancient cities, such as the ruins of Alexandria in Egypt. Throughout the history of the world, natural disasters caused thousands of ships sinking into the sea and have buried many cities in the coastal areas. Many of these ships, structures and other cultural elements cannot be seen from the water surface, and these remains have been safely preserved under lakes - seas - oceans and have survived to the present day. To give a brief about this research, the work progress is explained with the following. A theoretical resource research was conducted as first step in the methodology. With the help of the resources, a proper way was found to do an underwater documentation. Also main components of the theory were reviewed, such as maritime cultural landscape theory or underwater archeology. The methodology followed in the research after determining the main case area, was a general survey. Many sources were studied thoroughly and the important data collected. After the literature research with books, maps and aerial photographs, many interviews were conducted with local people including fishermen and divers. After all the theory studies, field study was the subsequent step. At this stage, it was a necessity to investigate the factors causing underwater heritages. While the majority of the underwater ruins were caused by the sinking of the sea vessels, the remaining part was formed by the submerged structures and the cities. Topography, storms, currents and wind are the main reasons for the nature based incidents. Kaş's topography has hard rocky cliffs that are an obstacle development and transportation. The rocky structure of the land continues underwater. All of the dive sites in the study area are composed of rocky areas, sometimes they are the extension of the coasts, but sometimes they are reefs formed by the rocks in the sandy underwater regions. The relationship between the sea and the land is highly indented - this is why there are many islands and peninsula in the region. As a result of this coastal type, the continental shelf in the Kas region is narrow but the sea depth is extended. When the topography of the seaside of Kaş is examined, it is seen that there are many different sizes of islands as well as hills rising underwater. Although it is not known whether these rock formations were above or below the water surface in the past, the combination of harsh weather conditions and topography still pose a threat to the watercrafts. To summarize it is accurate to notify that topography has constantly influenced the culture of the region since its first settlement. Wind, thermohaline and wave currents are usually seen in the research area. Sudden changes in the topography affect the streams in the waters of Kaş. Sea currents change their intensity depending on the storm periods. In addition, İnce Burun, located in the Limanağzı Region, constitutes bursts in the rocky cliffs between Heybeli Islands and Pina Island and in the cliffs to the southwest of Kovan Island. Another factor that affects the sea is wind. The winds from the west, due to the geographic features of Kaş, are frequently seen, including northwest and southwest. Likewise, the winds from the east also has severe disturbs. It is not possible to ignore the effect of winds gusting within the research area on the formation of underwater remains in the region. Even today, it is seen that the extreme winds gusting during the storm periods, the waves in the sea damage the coastal roads and attached boats. When the physical conditions distressing, it is justifiably necessary to question how these situations can be solved. When these conditions of Kaş are examined, it is obvious that sea vessels need to find shelter at different points for different prevailing winds. Refuge points in the research area for different weather conditions were marked on the maps and the positive and negative aspects of the refuge in these areas were examined. The archaeological research techniques alone are not enough in researching the underwater cultural heritage. Although the followed path in underwater archaeological researches contains points that overlap with a normal archeology excavation, it also includes different disciplines due to its environment. The underwater cultural landscape studies occur with the disciplines of archeology, underwater research and diving progress together. The developments in the research and diving techniques have helped the improvements for exploration and investigation of underwater cultural heritage. The field study part of the research was started with surface sea survey. Even in the course of researching cultural landscapes in dry land is challenging, an underwater survey can be faced with much more difficulties. Since it was not possible to have all requirements, the water surface scanning was carried out just to generate an example. Subsequently, underwater research was initiated by diving. A boat with sonar scanners was needed so it would allow us to scan from the surface first. In this process, the sonar devices have helped to determine the areas that have traces for remains. Another challenge was to establish the right team. On the subject of the diving partner, volunteers were needed to be found for this study, who can cover the cost of their dives, spend their holidays underwater for our research, and most importantly be a reliable, good diver. Dives were executed during the dive season and found the remains of the ruins, and then waited for the appropriate time to dive for documenting the remains with a dive partner. Every single factor, data and underwater maps were examined primarily in the selection of pilot areas. With the help of preliminary survey maps, the focus points are relieved. Since all dives were performed in diving points in Kaş, attention was paid to the presence of traces from different cultures in selected regions. As a result of these researches, four diving points were selected as pilot regions. In pilot areas, many dives were executed and the ruin samples were photographed and measured. Afterwards, the data obtained were examined, documented, evaluated and mapped in case areas. As conclusion, This research was an application of a cultural landscape analysis to the submerged cultural landscapes in Kaş. The results have shown that the underwater cultural landscapes have extremely high potential for educating and moving us forward. For the formation of social identity, the awareness of the past is undeniable. Social emotions, together with society, have gained meaning, and the feeling of continuity of society is valuable for each of the individuals who make up the society. Cultural values are parts of a whole that constitute the past of society. For this reason, cultural resources which constitute the social memory and which are based on the general culture of the people living in the region are very important. The sources of cultural values have been destroyed and emerged throughout history. While the destruction in the wars was one of the reasons for the destruction of the culture, the economic problems, the different political views and the perspective of the religions to the cultures are also important in this regard. Destroying traces of ancient cultures has made it easier for new cultures to dominate. While all these obstacles exist, it is very difficult to maintain cultural resources, especially if they are underwater as in this research. Because these areas are more easily exposed to theft and looting, and those located near the coasts are also threatened by urbanization. The access to cultural values in the underwater world made them vulnerable to false threats as well as to help us understand history, cultures, and civilizations. For this reason, preservation of underwater cultural heritage means protection of our historical values. The most useful measure to protect the underwater cultural landscape areas is to inform the local people in the region and to ensure that their values are appreciated. Although, there is nothing can be done against the dangers of nature. The present conditions raise a question about whether the remains that are part of the underwater cultural landscape areas should be protected in site or exhibited in a way that they can be brought to the surface suitably and be accessible to more people. The most sensible thing to follow in this case is to implement the process of decision-making in the underwater cultural heritage. On site protection is offered for our research area. Because, the natural structure and the remains constitute a cultural landscape area as a whole. Whether landscape areas are designed or naturally exist, in order to maintain its continuity, it requires natural resources such as air, water and soil. It is in an indestructible connection within the surrounding natural systems. This connection is the main feature that distinguishes cultural landscapes from other cultural heritages. This is the reason why almost every other cultural heritage cannot be moved. The relationship of cultural landscapes has with environment, sometimes needs it to be repaired but always requires to be managed. Management and planning of cultural landscapes can be achieved by working together of many different disciplines. Strategies can be developed for the management of cultural landscape areas with the cooperation of landscape architects, historians, archaeological landscape experts, forestry, design, architecture, engineering, cultural geography, wildlife, seed – pollen experts, landscape maintenance and management experts. Management of each cultural landscape requires a different method, a different strategy. Because the environment, climate, geographic and historical characteristics may vary. While some cultural landscapes may be a small region in the middle of a metropolis, some may be underwater, others can be a rural area spread over thousands of acres. The management of cultural landscapes begins with the identification of the region, which is regarded as a cultural landscape area. After that, the most important step is to prevent the factors that may have caused damage. In order to ensure continuity of the site, a good management plan should be prepared. These areas generally require ongoing management in the field, and as the outset of this management, a landscape architect, who specializes in landscape protection, is required. As a result of all these researches that have been gone through, it is obvious that the culture in Kaş is shaped and developed by topography. It is significant to reveal and understand all the traces of these previous cultures, in order to reveal the values of the region and to share with everyone. To understand existing culture, our setting and ourselves in which we live, we need to understand the growth and history of our culture with its causes and consequences.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler
Kültürel peyzaj,
Su altı haritaları,
Landscape architecture,
Underwater maps