Yatırım Projelerinin Değerlendirilmesi, Planlaması, Organizasyonu Ve Turizm Yatırımlarına İlişkin Bir Örnek

Abstract

Son derece dinamik olan ve kendine özgü özelliklerinin yanısıra ekonomik konjonktürden fazlasıyla etkilenen turizm projelerinin değerlendirilmesinde kimi sorunlarına karşın paranın zaman değerini dikkate alan yöntemler kullanılmalıdır. Ancak, dinamik ve karşılaştırılabilir olan yöntemlerin kullanılmasıyla turizm ya tırım projelerinin verimlilik düzeyi saptanabilir. Yatırım firmaları, genel olarak proje yönetimi il kelerine göre çalışmaktadırlar. Kuşkusuz, yatırım öncesi oluşan verimlilik düşüncesi, yatırım süreci için de değişen durum ve koşullara uygun olarak yatırım faaliyetlerinin ve fonksiyonlarının, yatırımın tarif edilmiş amaçları doğrultusunda planlanması ve örgütlenmesi ne bağlı olarak gerçekleşecektir. Bu genel bakış acısıyla, çalışmamızın birinci bölümünde yatırım projelerinin mikro ekonomik açıdan değerlendirilme kriterleri açıklanarak, kriterler bir turizm yatırım projesi üze* rinde uygulanmıştır. İkinci bölümde, yatırım projelerinin planlanmasında çağdaş ve dinamik bir araç olan network analizi yöntemi açıklanarak, örnek üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, proje organizasyonun fonksiyonel örgütlenme biçiminden ayrı düştüğü boyutlar açıklanarak, proje ekibi üzerinde genel işleyişi içeren bir çalışma yapılmıştır.

In the last decade, Tourism sector has been defi ned as a leading sector in Turkish economy. By means of same incentives and encourapements, this sector has been made attractive for investors. And so it has become popular. As a result of popularization of Tourism sector in the economy as a whole, several investment projects started to be observed in this field most of which mavmg rapidly uithaut any planning. We have made a research on five investment companies during a year and our fist -finding related to ttie results is that They flo not make any dynamic studies for predicting and resolving conflicts among the operational and mar keting objectives. So in the first chapter, baBic concepts of investment projects were explained then we tried to explain the criteria of project evaluation and suqqested these methods to be used on ene of the investment projects in Tourism Sector. After this study, our first suqqestion was such techniques to be used which considered the time value of money in evaluating tourism projects. Secondly, due to the high inflation rate in Turkey, when project evaluation methods are applied the first operational year prices should be estimated considering the inflationary pressure on the prices of all inputs and outputs at the same level. vi The project evaluation studies include a setfies of assumplions and predictions xn all process of investment, operational and marketing for investors. Therefore, in project evaluation studies, dynamic methods such as NPV, IRR should be used ins tead of static approach.' However, by using these kind of methods, a harmany can be established among the investment and operational objectives in. current dynamic tourism market conditions. In the second chapter, network based planning technique was explained here we were attempted to make a practice on the same case that we have chosen. As any skilled planner knows, network planning technique is useful for detailed analysis and opti mization of opesrting plan. Network planning is not interested in what hap pened in the past, but it concerns what will happen in the future. Therefore, if future conditions change, They can be put in to the network diogram again, and to be analysed and resolved. Actually, there are only about five rules to be followed in drawing networks. And these rules provide: almost unlimited flexi bility in describing project plans. However, this chapter was limited to those basic rules and after practising on tourism investment project. Lie only pointed out How analitical approaches could be produced. vil Because of critical path methods have Concent rated on tile parameter we tried to criticize the project duration m the same case. But, with nodDubt, thessuccess of netmork based planning is not limited with its technical level. In other words, the success of network analysis as a planning tool is related to its organizational viability and reletionship. In practice, while network based planning can not be productive due to presonal conflicts on one hand, The project management, on the other hand, leads the planning effort to the same ineffective result due to the lack of organized planning function at certain level Therefore, network based planning (CPM) should be clearly determined as not only a technical plan ning tool, but also as a managemenet tool as well in the whole project organization. For example such questions may be asked at the beginning of a project "what organization of resour ces is available. What are the likely information requirements of the Various Levels of management to be involved in the project? And who will be in charge of various responsi bilities for accomplishing the project objectives? Therefore, the success of the planning effort depends both as to which technique to be used as a planning tool and what is the place of planning func-a tion in the whole project organization. VI 11 In general, investment companies work under the principles of project management. If the planning team in a project managemenet process take a place vertically in the organization, this situation. Creates a strong stress on the project manager it is possible to derive two basic results that this stuation causes. First of all, such an organization can be desruc- tive on the independence Df the project manager and his integrative functions. And, of course it also effects on project manager's efficiency. Secondly, if we organize planning team vertically in the organization, some conflicts can easily occur between the planning team and the buildingsite. Bo the success level of planning depends on how the relationship between the planner and the building- site is established. In the third caapter, we tride to summarize how project organizations work within their internal rela tions in this point of view, we defined two key con cepts which were so important to be understood in management process. These were single point of integrative responsi bility and integrative planning and control. So these two concepts are mutually supportive andmwct be. wsedl jointly to achieve effective project manage ment. Otherwise, Application of one without the other will not produce the intended results. IX Because of our aim was to conceive of organizations as information processing network we explained. What mechanisms related to structure and what were the key roles in this stage, the roles of project manager and functional manager were explained from the point of lateral relations in the organization. U)e have to state at this point that the success level of project management depends on the interaction between planning and operations. Finally the efficiency of Tourism Investments put forward as a result af micro economical evaluations will increase only of modern planning and management technigues can be adapted to the natural dynamism of project management