Doğa Koruma Alanlarından Milli Parklarda Baraj Ve Hidrolektrik Santrali Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi: Munzur Vadisi Milli Parkı Örneği

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Dünya da doğal/korunan alanlarda HES yapılma sınırlandırıcıları özelinde Türkiye deki durum irdelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda doğal alanlarda ya da korunan alanlarda HES yapılma ya da yapılmama durumu örneklerle irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Dünya daki örneklere ve yasal araçlara bakarak korunan alanlarda ve özellikle milli parklardaki HES uygulamalarının yapılma koşulları ile sınırlandırıcıları incelenerek, genelde Türkiye özelde ise çalışma alanı olan Munzur Vadisi Milli Parkı (MVMP) için çıkarımlar yapılmıştır. Dünya da korunan alanlardan olan MP larda uygulanmış sınırlı sayıda HES lere rastlanmıştır. Oldukça kapsamlı ve sıkı koşulların dikkate alındığı gelişmiş ülke örneği olarak İskoçya, diğer taraftan MP koruma statülerini dikkate almaksızın HES gelişimini her koşulda destekleyen bir ülke örneği olarak Makedonya, Türkiye örneği ile kıyaslanarak HES’ lerin uygulanmasının hangi kriterlere dayalı olarak geliştirilmesi gerektiğini Dünya, Türkiye ve örnek alan olarak irdelenen MVMP çerçevesinde netleştirilmesine olanak sağlamıştır.

Different from today s classification concepts, nature conservation approach can be suggested to have started with conservation of sacred sites and certain animals and their habitat, long before the entry of environmental issues into the agenda of the world. Today, however, site conservation approach has become one of the most effective ways to conserve the nature. In this respect, many organizations are working on a variety of systems and categories. However, the understanding of conservation is adopted in applications for the protection of natural areas and related laws are applied on the one hand; dams and hydroelectric power plant projects are executed in conservation areas for reasons such as development and energy production on the other hand. In this context, with the thesis developed, it is aimed to highlight the importance of conservation and development policies for national parks that are one of the protected areas and to analyze the feasibility of dam and HPP construction and operation in these areas within the framework of Impact Assessment Instruments such as the Environmental Impact Assessment tools (EIA, SEA, REA, CEA, and SIA), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), and eco-hydrological assessment at international and national level, and to assess existing and planned dam and HPP implementations in Munzur Valley National Park in terms of eco-hydrological and spatial planning process by using EIA tools and IWRM. In this context, it is observed that natural areas and protected areas are different from each other; therefore, at this point, decisions should be made by considering the benefit of future generations. The important question at this point is whether there is still the need for implementation of HPP applications where the quality of the protected area is possibly under the risk of deterioration. As a result of the study, it is concluded that HPP implementation, which is considered renewable energy, should not be defined for the conservation areas that are declared as national parks with their conservation status and HPPs should not be built in protected areas so as not to encourage such applications.