Çatılarda tasarım, uygulama hataları ve bakım eksikliğine bağlı hasarların incelenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Çatıların binaların atmosfer ile en yoğun ilişki içinde bulunan yapı elemanı olması nedeni ile en yoğun hasar oluşma bölgelerinden birisi olarak ele alınabilir. Çatının yatay ya da eğimli olması çeşitli atmosferik etmenlerin _ z etkinlik derecesinide arttırmaktadır. Yağışlar, radyasyon, ısıl problemler ve benzeri birçok etmen çatılarda tasarım, uygulama ve bakım yönlerinden çatıların önemini arttırmak tadır. Bu çalışmada çatı örtü malzemesi olarak metal, asbestli-çi- mento, kiremit ve bitümün uygulandığı çeşitli çatılarda tasarım, uygulama ve bakım evrelerine bağlı olarak oluşan hasarlar tesbit edilmiş, hasar nedenleri grupl aştırılmış - tır. Bu çalışma beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm olan giriş bölümünde çalışmanın amacı, yöntemi ve kapsamı ele alınmakta ve açıklanmaktadır. İkinci bölümde çatılar hakkında genel bilgiler verilmekte; çatıların sınıflandırılmaları yapılmakta; çatı örtü malze mesi seçimini belirleyen kriterler açıklanmakta; ve çalış ma kapsamı içinde ele alınan dört ayrı tür örtü malzemesi ne göre bu çatılara ilişkin doğru çözümler detaylarıyla açıklanmaktadır.. üçüncü bölümde, fotoğraflarla tespitlere dayanan yanlış tasarım, yapım ve bakıma bağlı hasarlar ele alınmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde, çatılarda oluşan hasarların nedenleri yanlış tasarımın, uygulama ve bakıma bağlı olarak ele alın makta ye irdelenmektedir. Beşinci bölümde, hasar nedenleri çatı örtü malzemesi türüne göre sistematik olarak gruplanmakta ve bu tür hasarların oluşmaması için tasarım, uygulama ve bakım evrelerinde dik kat edilmesi gerekli konulara değinilerek öneriler getiril mektedir.

A roof is an essential part of every building. It's most important function is to provide protection against the weather. Functional requirements of roof are follows: - Strength and stability, - Weather resistance, - Thermal insulation, r - Fire resistance, - Sound insulation. There are different types of roofs. Roofs could be classified up to: - Kind of usage, - Water dismission, - Sloping, - Covering material, - Shape, - Ventilation of the roof space, - Structure. The requirements define the roof shape. Designing of a roof of a building is also the part of architectural design. It means that construction and structure are base of an architectural design. Covering material is an essentional part of roof. Choise of the covering material depends: vi - Weather, - Type of building, - Aim of using roof space, - Sloping, - Esthetic, - Economibility, The main criteria is the weather. In rainy and snowy regions roofs are generally pitched roof with high sloped, That's why water must be send away as soon as possible to prevent leaking. Different covering materials could be used at different slopes. It's not common to use tiles at high sloped roofs because they fall down. The problem is same in windy regions. Roofs of some types of buildings are generally covered similar.' For instance roof of the houses generaly covered by tiles or flat roofs. High buildings generally have hihg-tech coverings. It's not a common view to see a high business center buildings roof covered by tiles. If the roof space will be used for different aims it's shape must convenient for this aim. A disco at roof must be decoratively covered. Econobility is another criteria which effect the choice of roof covering. People mostly choose the cheapest material if the conditions are convenient. That's why tile is still well-known and useful covering material. Steel, aluminium, reinforced concrete and timber are all commonly used for the construction of roofs, with the advent of plastics, construction forms are being developed which take advantage in roof structures of the particular characteristics of these materials. Zinc, copper, glass, tile, asbest cement and bitumious covers are all commonly used for the roof covering. Excluding glass all other covering materials mentioned above are so commonly applicated covers in Turkey. vxi In this book roofs are examined depending on four : type of covering materials. These are metal, asbest-cement, tile and bitumious coverings. Roofs could be faced with many risks. These risks may cause damages at roofs. Roofs are sensitive parts of buildings so a great care must be given against its construction, desing and application. Damages are caused by either designer or applicator. On the other hand roofs need sistematic care to prevent or repair damages. Preventing damages at roofs designers, applicatiors and users must be in coordination. The designers job in this coordination is to design the roof including covering material by taking attention against several certain criterias such as climate, type of building and construction, aim of roof usage, slope of the roof construction, esthetic, economical costs. The applicators job is,to construct the roof and cover giving attention to the details of designer about covering material and water proofing including weather proofing. The applicator and the designer must work together to solve the problems faced at application. The job of the people who will live under the roofs are to make a sistematic care against damages which could be occured all year long because of snow, rain, thermal differences, hard wind and so on. Materials behaviours are different at same conditions so application details are different. Pitched roofs could be covered by metal, tile or asbest-cement. They do not need waterproofing layer since they do it. But on flat, roofs details are quite different. They generally need water proofing layer under other layers. At application,.-o applicators must be careful about laying water proofing layer. For metal covers the main problem is corrosion of metals. To prevent such problems applicators must awoid mailing. Instead of nailing, clamp must be used to fix metâls. Asbest cement and tile has similar construction details. They both have special profiles for verge, ridge and upstand. Asbest-cements are fixed to roof contruction by a special nail. But tiles are fixed by wire. Vlll All covering materials are replacet at roof starting from below to above along the roof slope to prevent water coming inside. The reasons of the damages at roofs are - Wrong design and wrong choice of material, - Quality of material, - Wrong application, - Lack of systematic care. To prevent damages designer must design his project giving attention to the conditions of weather, type of building, aim of using roof space sloping, esthetic, and economical costs. Also he must be in coordination with the applicator and user. In application, applicators and designer must solve the problems of details together to prevent any damages which may be occure later. Details must be applicatedoas to the details of designer. During application broken or cracked materials must'nt be used. In this coordination user must give enough a he against the roof and make systematic care. Because of hard weather roof could have damages though it is constructed perfect. This book is investigation of damages at roofs covered by metal, asbest-cement-tile and bitumious covers. First part of this book explains the aim and the way of investgation by giving its results. Second part is completely about explanations of correct details from literature made by the four choosen covering materials. Third part is a kind of investigation by photographs, taken from various building roofs, showing the faults. Fourth part explains the damages caused by designer, application and user by making compararisons with correct detailes mentioned in second part. IX Fifth part explaines how the damages at roofs could prevented by giving cautions and advices. By this way it has been aimed to make a guide for designers, applicators, and users to understand the reasons and results of damages at roofs by showing photos of some wrong details and drawings of right details from literature for making comparison. It is also obvious that this will enlighten people about roofs, application details and materials for covering roof.