Su toplama havzalarında plansız yerleşmeler "Sultanbeyli örneği"

Abstract

Nüfus artışı ve paralelinde gelişme gösteren bir yapılaşma eğilimi Ömerli baraj havzasını etkisi altına almış durumdadır. Aşın nüfusla beraber evsel atıklar çevrenin kirlenmesine sebep olurken, günden güne sayısal olarak gelişen sanayi tesislerinden kaynaklanan zehirli atıklarda havza kirlenmesi üzerinde olumsuz etki yapmaktadır. Yapılaşmaya yer açabilmek amacıyla doğal bitki örtüsünün tahrip edilmesi ve tarımsal ilaçlamalar ile toprak örtüsünün aşınması sonucu havza içinde erozyon olaylarının artması da ayrı bir tehlike olarak karşı mıza çıkmaktadır. Hazırlanan tezin amacı; kent yakın çevresinde bulunan su toplama havzalarmdaki plansız yerleşmeler ve sanayi tesislerinden kaynaklanan çevre sorunlarım Sultanbeyli yerleşimini örnek alarak değerlendirmek ve bu konuda getirilen çeşitli öneriler ile konu ile ilgili olarak yapılacak çalışmaların yönlendirilmesine yardıma olmaktır. Ömerli Havzası uzun koruma kuşağı içinde gelişen bir yerleşme olan ve çalışmamızda da örnek seçilen Sultanbeyli ilçesi havzadaki diğer yer leşmelerde olduğu gibi plansız ve altyapıdan yoksun bir şekilde büyüme ye devam etmektedir. Bunun neticesinde de gerek evsel gerekse sanayi tesislerinden kaynaklanan katı, sıvı ve gaz türündeki atıklarla Ömerli Baraj havzası için kirlilik kaynağı durumunda bulunmaktadır. Kamu arazisinin talan edildiği bir yerleşme olarak ortaya çıkan Sultanbeyli' de plansız ve kaçak yapılaşmaya etki eden sebepler; - Kamu, arazileri üzerinde yetkili olan kuruluşların sayıca fazlalığı ve yetki alanlarının karmaşıklığı, - Sık sık yapılan mevzuat değişikliklerinin havzadaki yerleşmeleri legalleştirerek adeta özendirmesi, - Özellikle son yıllarda iç göç nedeniyle, istanbul'un gelişim yönü nün kent yakın çevresindeki kırsal alanlara doğru kayması, - Kent yakın çevresindeki arazilerin ucuzluğu ve yoğun yapılaşma nedeniyle yüksek rant getirişi, olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bütün bu faktörlere bağlı olarak havza içindeki Sultanbeyli örneğinde olduğu gibi yapılaşmanın önlenememesi durumunda ortaya çıkacak sorunların çözümü imkansız bir hale gelebile cektir.

Because of the overpopulation and rapid urbanization in today's cities, on one hand while the city areas are being populated unhealthfuly, on the other hand because of the unplanned settlement around the city, natural sources have been disappearing which is the most important thing for the life of the city. Drinking water catchment areas are the most important of these natural sources, By the help of their large water surface and green open areas, they arrange the climate of the city and they decrease air pollution. Besides they provide clear and plentiful water for the city. Because of the home churns, while over population, is causing the pollution of the environment, solid liquid and gas churns coming from the industrial factories affects the environment in a negative way. These churns spoil the natural balance of air, soil and water. By this way, these churns cause the pollution of environment. In the water catchment area, one of the largest environments you can see pollution is water sources. By the help of the steam network the churns are collected in the lake of the dam. It is very diffucult to protect the water resources from pollution in Istanbul. Nowadays, especially fast and unplanned construction in drinking water basins has caused forests to destroy and change into artificial city ecosystem. So natural ecosystem properties have begun to lost. Drinking water properties have been influenced negatively by harmful wastes, unlicenced construction in government area in suburbian areas which do not have subcanalization system. 151172 people lived in drinking water basins in Istanbul in 1985 but today 570000 people live. %12 percent of this population live in short protection areas and on lakes. % 8 percent of this population live middle IX distance, %80 percent of this population live middle distance, % 80 percent of this population live in long protection areas. Waste water of the locations are collected at squeeze septic wells or discharged to receiving media directly. Industry buildings have been found over total 1000 by ISKI to prevent the pollution in water collection basins. The most important part of these buildings are metal and animal nourishing establishments. For preventing the present water sources from pollution, prevention zones are formed around the lake. These zones for the lake are; absolute (0-300 m) short (300-1000 m), middle (1000-2000 m), long (2000 m - boarder of water catchment area). It is difficult to say that we obey the rules and measurements established to prevent the superficial water sources. In the absolute and short prevention zones, although it is banned to build constructions, it is seen that illegal constructions have been going on. In the middle and long prevention zones, these illegal constructions are more intensive. We can see many apartment buildings in these areas. On the banks of the streams, there are a lot of facilities which gives their churns to the streams and they are still working. There are many laws and rules to protect the water sources and water collecting areas against pollution. Every law and regulations which are put into constitution nowadays are related to these environmental problems. But the appliers and pollutant factories do not take into consideration the environment by using the spaces in the laws. As there are many laws for protecting the environment, they cannot be applied very well. These laws give authority to different foundations for the same subect. There are foundations over 20 that have authority at drinking wa ter protection areas. So there are too many foundations which have differ ent idea at the same subject. Ömerli Dam has under the effect of population increase and respectively the trend in the construction of buildings Domestic waste water together with population increase causes environmental pollution. Toxic wastes coming from industrial plants increase in amount day to day and have a big effect on pollution of basins. For this reason, the solution of pollution problem occuring in Ömerli Dam and rivers feeding the dam is very difficult. Ömerli Dam distributes its water to Istanbul Metropolitan with 10 million population. In the long prevention zone of Ömerli water cathment area, the town of Sultanbeyli which is still developing and is chosen as a sample for our report is getting larger without any plan and mfrastructural. As a result of this, it is the source of pollution in the area. Emigrants had come to Sultanbeyli that is a village from Bulgaria in 1957. This village has developed due to fast and und planned construction especially beween 1985-1990 years and turned to an area with 3000 hectar. The people has located firsty on private properties, then government properties and so Sultanbeyli Town has developed on government areas without law. While the government areas were shared by people without permission, mean while water collection basins were destructed by unlicenced construction due to complex and shortage authority of government buildings like forest Area Management and ISKI General Management. Intensive migration to Sultanbeyli in last 10 years has caused to fast construction. Today 150000 people are living in Sultanbeyli but eighty percent of buildings are not been used today. But they have been sonstructed to use in the future according to future requirements. In the case, if all the empty places are being built fully with the suitable buildings, the district Sultanbeyli will have a place for the population of about 750.000 to 800.000 people. Because of developing without existing any plan, those, who are living in the district Sultanbeyli, are always facing with two serious problem; having no pure water and drainage systems. According to a serious interviews by no wournolist among many countrymen here, it had been found out that the 92 % of the buildings have no pure water system and 81% of the buildings have no drainage system either. In other words, there is series problems being the reason of the lock of grawing up without existing any plan. An important portion of the unlicensed buildings with 54,05 % is being done between, the years 1985-1990. If we consider the fact that 70 % all of the buildings are being built after 1980, we can easily say that the provincy before 1980 was not so much crowded. The district Sultanbeyli has mainly two development periods, 32.43 % of the people who are living there for the time being have migrated here in the first period. In the second period between the years 1985- 1990, the fact of the unlicensed buildings has reached to its top level. During this period, besides the high population, the migration is also increased. XI An important portion of the families (%64.43) who are living in Sul- tanbeyli, own in varied growth of lands. If it is considered that a big portion of the land belongs to the government, we can easily say that the price of buying here some land is of course not so cheap. Some areas are here being sold without existing any tittle-deed or some areas, which are devided into many portions, are sold as o whole with these methods 56 % of the people have some area of o growth of under 500 m2 land. That means, the land is being settled by the area devided to many portions. Because of the optimistic thought to the future of the people, who are living for the time being here, will be the main reason of the increasing of the migration. However, besides the optimistic view there are also another people who intend to settle to other places because of the problems mentioned above and having no social-cultural background of the city. In Sultanbeyli, the reasons tha cause the unplanned and illegal buildings; - The number of institutions are quite high which deals with the state areas and because of this the authority in uncertain. - The laws are being changed quite often and this in a way, encour aged the illegality. - Especially in recent years, because of the inner immigrancy, Istan bul is developing towards the suburbian areas. - The areas around Istanbul is cheap and because of the intensive buildings it brings high profits It will be impossible to solve the problems in the future occured due to above mentiond factors like in Sultanbeyli example if the construction cannot be prevented. One of the most important water catchment areas which provides water for Istanbul is Ömerli Dam. In this area the most important and most populated town is Sultanbeyli. In this report the environmental problems of this region is studied on. And it consists of seven chapters: - In the first chapters there is an introduction and the problem is defined and the fundamentals of approach to the problem are given. - In the second chapter, the important functions of large water surfaces and forests in the near around of the city is explained. xn - In the third chapter, agricultural activities, industrial factories and houses which affect the ecology of the water catchment area negatively are mentioned as subtitles. - In the forth chapter, the laws for the prevention of the water sources and the state offices which apply these laws their authorities are studied comparatively. - In the fifth chapter, the natural structure of Ömerli water catchment area and the analyses about the misuse of these areas are given. - In the sixth chapter; the environmental problems that arose by the help of unplanned development in Sultanbeyli is studied on. - In the seventh chapter, a general evalvation is given about the subject and to the environmental problems down to the lowest level, some proposals are mentioned. If some precautions are not taken into consideration, in the future, the other water Collecting basins of Istanbul will be polluted by unplanned and unsubstructure development and unlicensed locations like "Sultanbeyli" The solution of pollution will be impossible in the future, Especially the political and metarialistic profits will cause to accelerate the period of negative changes made on the usage of the area of the basin.