İyon Kromatografi Kullanarak Çeşitli Örneklerde Perklorat Analizi (musluk Suyu, Havuz Suyu, Yüzey Suyu, Süt)
İyon Kromatografi Kullanarak Çeşitli Örneklerde Perklorat Analizi (musluk Suyu, Havuz Suyu, Yüzey Suyu, Süt)
Dosyalar
Tarih
2012-05-23
Yazarlar
Uçar, Burcu
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Perklorat bulunduğu su ve besinlerle vücuda giriş yapabilir. Suda kolaylıkla çözündüğü için mide ve bağırsaklara çok hızlı geçiş yapar ve buradan kan dolaşımına katılır. Kan dolaşımı yoluyla vücudun bütün bölümlerine taşınır. Pek çok iç organ (örneğin; tiroid, meme dokusu ve tükürük bezleri) kan dolaşımından perkloratın nispeten büyük miktarını alır. Kandan böbreklere geçen perklorat daha sonra idrarla bırakılır. İnsanlarda perklorat toksisitesi için temel hedef organ tiroid bezidir. Peklorat anyonu tiroid bezlerinin sodyum iyodür simporter (NIS) proteini tarafından iyodür alımını yarışmalı olarak inhibe eder ve çok yüksek düzeyde, metabolik aktivite için gerekli iki iyot hormonunun [triiyodotironin(T3) ve tiroksin(T4)] üretimini engelleyebilir. İyot tiroid hormonlarının sentezi için bir yapı bloğu olarak gereklidir. Kana bırakılan tiroid hormonları bazı vücut fonksiyonlarını düzenler. Uzun süre perklorata maruz kalan insanlarda tiroid hormanlarını azaltıcı etkisi olduğu söylenmektedir. Tıbbi olarak hipotiroidizm adı verilen bu durumda, kandaki tiroid hormonlarının daha düşük miktarı hipofiz hormonlarında artmaya sebep olur ve böylece tiroid bezlerinde bir büyüme meydana gelir. Tıbbi olarak bu duruma guatr denir. Fetuslar ve bebekler perklorat maruziyetine karşı, nöral beyin ve iskelet olarak kısmen risk altındadırlar. Hamile ve emziren kadınlar perkloratı plasental ve meme NIS sistemi tarafından sırasıyla transfer ederler. Perklorat su ve süt, bazı yiyecek örneklerinde bulunmuştur. Bazı bitkilerde, özellikle lifli sebzelerde yüksek miktarda perklorat bulunmuştur. Bitkiler perklorat içeren su ile sulandığında, bitkinin yapraklarından su buharlaştığında geriye perklorat kalır. İnekler perklorat içeren yemleri yiyebilir ve perklorat sütlerine geçebilir. Bunlara ek olarak, roket üretim ya da test alanının yakınında yaşayan, yapımında çalışan kişiler veya havai fişekler, diğer fişek ve patlayıcı türlerinin yapıldığı tesislerde çalışan kişiler için bu alanlar potansiyel perklorat kaynağıdır. Üretim ve askeri tesislerde perklorat yer altı ve yüzey sularına sızıntı ile bulaşabilir. Bu alanlarda perklorata maruz kalınabilir. Süt insan sağlığı açısından özellikle yeni doğan ve çocuklar için çok önemli olduğu bilinir, çünkü perkloratın tespit edildiği tiroid bezleri beyin gelişiminde çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada süt örneklerinde tespit edilebilir miktarda perklorat bulunmuştur. Perkloratın temel kaynağı olarak, sığırların beslendiği yem ve su kaynakları görülebilir. Türkiye de su örneklerinde perklorat kirliliğini ölçmek için çeşitli su örnekleri (havuz, musluk, yüzey suyu) analizlendi. Bu örneklerde ya çok düşük miktarlarda tespit edilmiş ya da hiç tespit edilememiştir. Çalışmamız su örneklerinde perklorat kirliliğinin çok yaygın olmadığını göstermektedir.
Perchlorates can enter the body after you have swallowed food or water containing them. Since they easily dissolve in water, they quickly pass through the stomach and intestines and enter the bloodstream. The bloodstream carries perchlorate to all parts of the body. A few internal organs (for example, the thyroid, breast tissue, and salivary glands) can take up relatively large amounts of perchlorate from the bloodstream. The main target organ for perchlorate toxicity in humans is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) competitively inhibits iodide uptake by the thyroid gland’s sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein and, at high levels, may disrupt production of two iodine hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] essential for metabolic activity. Iodine is required as a building block for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones regulate certain body functions after they are released into the blood. Although not demonstrated in humans, it is anticipated that people exposed to excessive amounts of perchlorate for a long time may develop a decreased production of thyroid hormones. The medical name for this condition is hypothyroidism. In hypothyroidism, the lower amounts of thyroid hormones in blood cause increases in pituitary hormones that can lead to an increase in the size of the thyroid gland. The medical name for this condition is goiter. Perchlorates have been found in food, water samples and milk. Some plants, especially leafy green vegetables, have been found to have elevated levels of perchlorate. When water containing perchlorate is used to irrigate the plants, perchlorate is left behind when water evaporates from the leaves of the plants. Cows may eat fodder containing perchlorate and pass them on in their milk. Additional potential sources of perchlorate may be found if you live near a rocket manufacturing or testing facility, if you live near or work at a factory where they are made, or if you live near a factory that makes fireworks, flares, or other explosive devices. Production and military facilities have contaminated ground and surface waters through leaching,seepage, and improper disposal of material past its shelf life. It is universally known that milk is important for human health, especially for infants and children because the thyroid hormone is essential for the development of the brain detected perchlorate. The study showed that detectable perchlorate was present in milk samples. The main source of perchlorate in milk may be forage and water that are fed to the cattle. The perchlorate in various water samples (pool,surface,tap water etc.) were also analyzed to assess the perchlorate pollution in Turkey water samples were investigated. Consequently, there is no or low concentration of perchlorate in analyzed water samples. Our study showed that water samples have not been extensively polluted by perchlorate.
Perchlorates can enter the body after you have swallowed food or water containing them. Since they easily dissolve in water, they quickly pass through the stomach and intestines and enter the bloodstream. The bloodstream carries perchlorate to all parts of the body. A few internal organs (for example, the thyroid, breast tissue, and salivary glands) can take up relatively large amounts of perchlorate from the bloodstream. The main target organ for perchlorate toxicity in humans is the thyroid gland. Perchlorate anion (ClO4-) competitively inhibits iodide uptake by the thyroid gland’s sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) protein and, at high levels, may disrupt production of two iodine hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)] essential for metabolic activity. Iodine is required as a building block for the synthesis of thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones regulate certain body functions after they are released into the blood. Although not demonstrated in humans, it is anticipated that people exposed to excessive amounts of perchlorate for a long time may develop a decreased production of thyroid hormones. The medical name for this condition is hypothyroidism. In hypothyroidism, the lower amounts of thyroid hormones in blood cause increases in pituitary hormones that can lead to an increase in the size of the thyroid gland. The medical name for this condition is goiter. Perchlorates have been found in food, water samples and milk. Some plants, especially leafy green vegetables, have been found to have elevated levels of perchlorate. When water containing perchlorate is used to irrigate the plants, perchlorate is left behind when water evaporates from the leaves of the plants. Cows may eat fodder containing perchlorate and pass them on in their milk. Additional potential sources of perchlorate may be found if you live near a rocket manufacturing or testing facility, if you live near or work at a factory where they are made, or if you live near a factory that makes fireworks, flares, or other explosive devices. Production and military facilities have contaminated ground and surface waters through leaching,seepage, and improper disposal of material past its shelf life. It is universally known that milk is important for human health, especially for infants and children because the thyroid hormone is essential for the development of the brain detected perchlorate. The study showed that detectable perchlorate was present in milk samples. The main source of perchlorate in milk may be forage and water that are fed to the cattle. The perchlorate in various water samples (pool,surface,tap water etc.) were also analyzed to assess the perchlorate pollution in Turkey water samples were investigated. Consequently, there is no or low concentration of perchlorate in analyzed water samples. Our study showed that water samples have not been extensively polluted by perchlorate.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2011
Anahtar kelimeler
Perklorat,
Tiroid,
İyon Kromatografi,
Perchlorate,
Thyroid,
Ion Chromatography