Bir kaynak olarak kültürel mimari mirasın işlevsel ve ekonomik değerlendirilmesi-Cunda adası örneği

Abstract

Tarihi kent dokusunun korunmasında turizm işlevinin sağlayacağı ekonomik kolaylıklar sayesinde, turistik değere sahip tarihi alanların korunmasının, sadece, tarihsel, kültürel ve toplumsal değil, ekonomik açıdanda yararlı olabileceğinin gösterilmesini amaçlayan çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, konunun seçim nedeni, amacı, içeriği ve çalışma yöntemi açıklanmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde ise sistematik, bütüncül ve karlı koruma uygulamalarının en önemli üç bileşeni, şehir planlama, şehirsel koruma ve turizm işlevi etkileşimleri incelenmiştir. Korunacak değerler kapsamında ele alınan kültürel mimari mirasın tanımının yapıldığı ve özelliklerinin açıklandığı üçüncü bölümde, kültürel mimari mirasın bir kaynak ve bir emlak olarak taşıdığı değer üzerinde de durulmuştur. Tarihi değerlerin korunmasında alınabilecek kısa ve uzun vadeli ekonomik kararların ve uygulanan destekleme politiklannın açıklandığı dördüncü bölümde, destekleme politikaları Fransa, Belçika, Macaristan ve Türkiye örnekleriyle ele alınmıştır. Kültürel mimari miras korunmasında değerlendirme aşamasının incelendiği beşinci bölümde, tarihi değerin koruma derecesine karar vermede kullanılan kriterler ve değerlendirmelerin yanısıra, tarihi dokularda yapılacak uygulamalarda fayda - maliyet analizlerinin kullanımları, sosyo - kültürel ve fiziksel taşıma kapasiteleri değrelendirmeleriyle ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın altıncı bölümünde ise, ortaya konan yöntemin Ayvalık İlçesi - Cunda adası I. Tarihi Kentsel Sit Alanı üzerinde denemesi yapılmıştır. Cunda Adası'nın taşıdığı sosyo-kültürel değerlendirmeleri konut ve turzm fonksiyonları karşılaştırılarak sınanmıştır. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda, tarihi dokularda yapılacak restorasyon çalışmalarında turizm işlevinin, konut kullanımından daha gelir getirici ve kısa sürede sonuç verici olduğu saptanmış, alanın sahip olduğu potansiyel, kültürel ve doğal kaynakların korunması açısından turizmin sınırlı ve kontrollü gelişimi öngörülmüştür.

The aim of this study is to test and to show that conservation of historical buildings and historical areas can be economic. Basically the aim of conservation is not to make profif but to provide historical, socio-cultural and physical continuity. On the other hand the main problem of conservation is to provide economic support. Since historical area isn't enough for some conditions (as an infrastructure and some equipments), it causes some problems in the city. The area out of the historical area, has different socio-cultural conditions and more contemporary possibilities. This different life style lets the historical area subjected to under pressure. People who live in this area start to damage their buildings. This approach speeds up obsolessence. In this situation interraction between city planning and conservation starts to become important. Planning mistakes are as important as not having a proper plan. Having the historical area as an abstract subject from the city, free from lots of data surrounding it, taken into consideration with lack of work, causes the plan to be far from today's condition. The study is claimed that the historical buildings or historical areas have economical potential, they can return the investment that should be made for the maintenance and protection of them. XI While this view is meeting the idea that "using is the best protection way", a way of using and returning the investment quickly at the same time should be found. Some cultural uses (as exhibition hall, museum, art gallery etc.) can't be economic for both historical buildings and contemporary buildings. The study is to examine tourism function for historical area. At that point "tourism function" can be convenient for same conservation plans, because of its rapidly developing character and being an active facility. In the first chapter, the reason of choosing this subject, aim, context and searching methodology of study are explained. In the second chapter, the interactions among city planning, conservation and tourism function are examined these factors constitute a trivet for systematic approach to development of conservation and tourism. Positive and negative effects of tourism on historical areas are examined. In the third chapter cultural built heritage is examined and kinds of this heritage, its values as a source and as a priority are explained. In the fourth chapter in conserving cultural built heritage, economic desicions and solution possibilities are explained and economic support policies of the goverment in Turkey and in other countries are examined. In the fifth chapter valuation of cultural built heritage and used of caracteristic valuation of cultural built heritage are explained. Added to this, used of cost - benefit analysis to applies on historical area and the valuation of socio-cultural carrying capacity and phsycal carrying capacity concepts are explained. In the sixth chapter, Cunda Island, that is chosen as an example area, is examined and evaluated by the criteria it has. After the Turkish Republic was found, Lausanne Peace Agreement was signed and according to this agreement, Turks and Greeks would change places between Turkey and Greece. As a result lots of settlements, including Ayvalık and Cunda Island, were emptied by the Greeks and a rapid change was begun in these characteristic settlements. XII This chance had to happen because of receiving different people, therefore different cultures and different life styles, although not very different from that of the Greeks. Today, on the Agean Coast, there are lots of buildings called as "Old Greek Houses", which are deserted and empty. In this study 48 historical buildings that are surrounded by Cumhuriyet Street and Hükümet Arka Street in Cunda Island are taken into consideration. Economic evaluations of the buildings that are restored from 1976 since today are made and the buildings that are proposed to be restored are identified. In the end of this study, the results and the proposals are summarized. Some economic cost - benefit analysis examples are constituted according to view of architects who restored some buildings in Cunda Island, some people who live in the Island and have historical buildings and the real estate officers who work in Cunda Island. Some results and some proposals are showed in below: 1) Differences between the rent of restored buildings and non-restored buildings are compaired. The rent of non-restored buildings: 600.000 TL - 1.000.000 TL The rent of restored buildings: 1.500.000 TL - 4.000.000 TL The differences between the rent of restored buildings and non-restored buildings are relation with the area of buildings and the settlement of buildings etc. 2) Differences between the sale price of restored buildings and non-restored buildings are compaired. The sale price of non-restored buildings: 75.000.000 TL - 150.000.000 TL Xlli The sale price of restored buildings: 25.000.000 TL -.?.... TL 3) According to buildings situation and owner's economic resources, the time of restoration applies is chanceble between 4 or 8 months. 4) The % 1Z5 rate of restoration price b for some tecnical equipment and professionals. The % 0.25 rate of restoration price is for some bureaueratic applies as an permission. 5) Time needed to return the restoration investment cost of the buildings that are restored from 1976 since 1984 are from 3 months to 2,5 years. Time needed to return the restoration investment cost of the buildings that are restored from 1985 since 1994 are from 2,5 years to 16 years Added to these conserving cultural built heritage, economic desicions and solution possibilities and economic support policies of the government in Turkey (as a resident use and as a pension use) are examined. Conserving cultural built heritage, there are two kinds of economic support resources in Turkey. 1.) T.C. Development Bank 2.) The Housing Fund Credit from T.C. Development Bank is to resident use in historical buildings after the restoration applications. f Credit from Housing Fund is to touristic use (as a pension) in historical buildings after the restoration applications. Restoration costs, economic profit of the restoration are tried to be estimated. Improvements that will be made on the roads and on the equipments are examined economically and cost ot these treatments are determined for the example area. In the extend ot proposal of development of pensionnes of the tourism function, identified for Cunda Island, time needed to return the investment XIV cost of the buildings, as a resident use and as a pension use, that are proposed to be restored, is calculated. Physical and socia-cultural effects that will be made on the area by the use of pensions and kinds of tourists preferred are examined and suggestions to minimize their destructions are set forth.