Zeyrek İbadethane arkası sokak'taki iki ahşap konutun restitüsyon ve restorasyon projesi

Abstract

İstanbul'un geleneksel dokusunun hala var olduğu semtlerden biri olan Zeyrek, tarihsel gelişimi içinde daima konut ağırlıklı bir yerleşim merkezi olmuştur. Bu tez çalışmasında, E ve G olarak adlandırılan, geleneksel ahşap konut mimarisinin iki örneği olan yapıların detaylı rölövesinin alınması amaçlanmıştır. Bölüm 2'de Zeyrek bölgesinin tarihi anlatılmaktadır. Zeyrek'teki ilk yerleşimin kesin tarihi bilinmemekle birlikte, Konstantin'in dördüncü tepe üzerine inşa ettirdiği Havariler Kilisesi ile bölge önem kazanmaya başlamıştır. Comnenos'lar döneminde yaptırılan Pantokrator Manastın ile bu gelişme devam etmiştir. Bölge Comnenos sülalesi, Latin İmparatorluğu ve Paleologlar'm hakimiyetlerinin ardından Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 'nun eline geçmiştir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet'in yeni inşa ettirdiği veya mevcut yapıları kullanarak oluşturduğu, dinsel ve kamusal yapılar için vakfettiği mülkler zamanla özel mülkiyete dönüşmüştür. Semtte çıkan yangınlar sonrasında yapılan modern düzenlemeler semtin dokusunun bozulmasına neden olmuştur. Geleneksel yapıların korunması ile ilgili çalışmalar 1960 yılında başlamıştır. Bölüm 3 ve 4'te E ve G yapılarının ayrıntılı tanımlamaları yer almaktadır. Bölüm 5'te ise her iki yapının strüktürel özellikleri anlatılmıştır. Moloz taş temel duvarı üzerindeki ahşap karkas yapıların dış cepheleri ahşap kaplamalıdır. Karkas aralıklarının büyük bölümü dolgusuzdur. Duvar iç yüzeyleri bağdadi üzeri Horasan harcı sıvalıdır. Dikme kiriş bağlantılarında çok basit geçmeler ve dökme demir çiviler kullanılmıştır. Yapıların büyük bölümünde sık halkalı bir çam türü kullanılmıştır. Döşemeler tek yönlü kirişlemelidir. Tavanlarda basit geometrik şekillerde profilli çıtalarla yapılan süslemeler yer almaktadır. Kapılar ile ilgili çok az veri mevcuttur. Bölüm 6'da mevcut yapılar ile Zeyrek semti geleneksel konut mimarisi karşılaştırması yapılmıştır. Öncelikli olarak bölgede yapılan kişisel gözlemler ve çeşitli kaynaklardaki bilgilerden faydalanılarak tipolojik özellikler belirlenmiştir. Bu özelliklerin büyük bölümü E ve G yapılarında da görülmektedir. Bölüm 7 restitüsyonlan içermektedir. Rölöve, tipolojik analizler, fotoğraflar ve belgeler restitüsyon kaynaklarıdır. E yapısı restitüsyonu varsayımlara dayanmaktadır. Cephe restitüsyonlan yapılabilmekle birlikte plan şeması netleştirilememiştir. G yapısı daha düzgün bir şema çizmesine rağmen büyük bölümünün restitüsyonu tipolojik analizlere dayanmaktadır. Ancak dış cephe konturlan ile ilgili kararlar, harita ve fotoğraf gibi görsel kaynaklardan elde edilen bilgilerle verilmiştir. Bölüm 8 'de ise restorasyon kararları yer almaktadır. Özgün boyutların değişmemesi ve konaklama işlevi dolayısı ile pansiyon olarak kullanılmaları önerilmektedir.

Zeyrek, one of the regions in which Istanbul's traditional urban texture preserved, had always been an inhabitancy center with residences throughout its historical development. During this thesis, it was been aimed to take the measured drawings of two examples of traditional wooden house architecture named as E and G buildings. Each construction element that could be found in the buildings that are almost decayed was detailed with scales of 1/1, 1/5 and 1/10. The location and the historical development of Zeyrek region is explained in chapter 2. Zeyrek region that is connected to Istanbul's Fatih district's central town, is neighbour by Unkapam in the north, Cibali in the northwest, Saraçhane in the south, Vefa and Küçükpazar in the east and Çarşamba in the west. Although the history of the first settlement in Zeyrek is not known, the region was promoted with the Church of the Apostles which was built by Constantine on the fourth hill. This development continued by the Pantokrator Monastery that was built during the time of Comnenos Dynasty. In the monastery that was built on the rampart and a big cistern, there were three churches, residences for the monks, a public kitchen, a hospital and a lunatary asylum. The church of S. Saviour Pantokrator was founded by the Empress Irene who was the consort of John II. Comnenos(ll 18-1143) and daughter of Ladislas, King Of Hungary. XXI Pantokrator is a combination of three churches placed side by side, and communicating with one another through arched openings in their common walls. The three buildings are not of the same date, and opinions differ in regard to their relative age. İt can be said that, firstly the northern church was built and then the others. After Comnenos family, Latin Empire (1201-1264) and Palaeolog's reign, the region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. After the conquest, Pantokrator Monastery had been converted into a mosque and a primary school and Pantepopte Women's Monastery had been converted into a public kitchen. Pantokrator building complex received its name from Zeyrek Molla Mehmed Efendi who was the first teacher of the school and this name had also been used for the region. The properties which Fatih Sultan Mehmet constructed or established by using the already existing ones were devoted to foundations for the religious and profane buildings and they had been converted into private property in the course of the time. The modern arrangements made after the fires that took place in the region had devastated the urban texture of the region. The works for the preservation of the urban historic site have started in 1960. The results of the works carried out by various institutions until today; can not be seen clearly. In chapter 3, a detailed description of building E takes place. The building that is located in Zeyrek; Sinanağa district, İbadethane street, section 453, block 2419, plot 30, door number 35-37 is in almost a collapsed state. It consists of a basement, first and second floors. The entrances of the first floor and second floors are in the different directions. The crooked places, oblique sides of the first floor were squared by projections in the second floor. The basement has no entrance. The height of this place and its flooring can not be seen because of the leavings. The first floor consists of four rooms. The rooms and the XX11 circulation between these places, except the room that is named as E06, are not in original situation. The rooms that are named as E10 and El 2 were separated of the other places. Out of the building there is a w.c. in the courtyard and a well to obtain water. Northwest and southwest facades are wooden cladding. The southeast facade that was been plastered original fenestration was been altered. The only data concerning the roof traces of the gable is the wall on this facade. There are structural failures in the building resulting from the utilitarian interventions. There are decaying and suberizations as a result of the influence of water in time, in the building that were not well kept. The structural system is almost in collapsing state. In chapter 4, a detailed description of building G was given. The surviving parts of this building collapsed in February 1997. The building that is located in Zeyrek; Sinanağa district, İbadethane Arkası street, section 453, block 2419, plot 30, door number 2 consists of two floors. The third floor and the other places of this building collapsed before the starting to measure. The first floor has two main places, the entrance hall and a room that are named as G01 and G05. Also the second floor has two places for today. There is no remainings about the other rooms. The building has two projections, one in the second floor and the other in the third floor. The main stairs was placed in G01. Although northwest facade of the building provides certain data for the original forms, southeast facade does not have adequate original details. The only data about the northwest facade is the height and a remaining of a window. xxni In chapter 5, the structural details of both buildings were described. The outer walls of the timber-framed buildings erected on the rubble stone foundation wall. Mostly,' the openings in the timber frame were not filled. Brick in different dimensions was used for filling the frame in some places. Inner walls of the two buildings are plastered with Horasan mortar. In the connections of the vertical joists very simple wood finishing and caste iron nails were used. In most sections of the buildings a durable pine lumber was used and oak was preferred for the frame. On the ceilings there are decorations with basic geometrical designs made of profiled laths. There is not much data about the doors. The entrance floor windows are 85x150 cm second floor windows are 85x180 cm in the building E. İn the other building, window dimensions are 80x150 cm for the second floor. Guillotine window is present. In chapter 6, a comparison was made between the existing buildings and Zeyrek region's traditional architecture. First, topological characteristic are determined by the visual inspections made in the region and by the aid of the information found in extrinsic sources. Most of these features also seen in building E and G. Chapter 7 consists the reconstitutions. Measured drawings, topological analyses, photographs that were taken in different times and some documents were the extrinsic and intrinsic sources of reconstitution. Reconstitution of building E is hypothetical. Although facade reconstitutions could be made layout could not be seen clearly. Even though building G has more regular scheme, reconstitution's of most spaces were based on analogy. However the decisions about outer facade contours were given with the information obtained from extrinsic sources such as old maps and photographs.