Konya İli, Karahüyük Beldesi Korkmaz Evi Restorasyon Projesi

Abstract

Korkmaz evi, Konya İli, Akşehir İlçesi, Karahüyük beldesinde yer almaktadır. Karahüyük beldesi, Konya İli sınırları içinde, Akşehir’e 7 km. uzaklıkta bulunan, üzerinde pek çok uygarlık barındırmış bir yerleşme alanıdır. II. Dereceden arkeolojik sit alanı olarak ilk tescili 2001 yılında yapılmıştır. Beldede artan betondan inşa edilen yeni yapıların yanı sıra, sınırlı sayıda geleneksel yaşam tarzında, geleneksel yapım tekniği ile inşa edilmiş yapılar bulunmaktadır. Bu yapıların pek çoğu 1950’li yıllarda inşa edilmiş olup, o dönemde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmakta olan beton malzemeyi, geleneksel yapım tekniğine ekleyerek ve bunu geliştirme arayışında olan bir dönemi yansıtmaktadırlar. Korkmaz evi de bu yapılardan biridir. Birinci bölümde, çalışmanın amacı anlatılmış ve tezin temel noktası olan yerel mimarinin rehabilitasyonu için metodoloji geliştirilirken izlenen yöntem açıklanmıştır. İkinci bölümde öncelikli olarak Konya ilinin coğrafi, fiziksel, demografik ve tarihi özellikleri anlatılarak genelden özele doğru bir anlatım yöntemi seçilmiştir. Daha sonra sırası ile Akşehir ilçesi ve Karahüyük beldesinin coğrafi, fiziki, demografik ve tarihi özellikleri detaylı bir biçimde anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde tez konusu olarak seçilen Korkmaz evinin konumu, tarihçesi, mevcut durumu, plan özellikleri, mekansal kurgusu, cephe özellikleri, odaların tek tek detaylı anlatımı, yapım tekniği ve kullanılan malzemeleri, mimari öğeler, yapıda görülen bozulmalar ve nedenleri detaylı bir biçimde anlatılmış, çizim ve fotoğraflarla desteklenmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde restitüsyona altlık oluşturmak amacı ile tipolojik araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Öncelikli olarak Türk evinin tarihsel gelişimi anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra sırasıyla Konya ve Akşehir evlerinin plan kurgusu, cephe düzeni ve yapım tekniği detaylı bir biçimde anlatılmıştır. Son olarak ise sadece İ.H. Konyalı’nın “Akşehir” adlı kitabında adı geçen Karahüyük evleri için plan tipolojileri, cephe düzeni ve yapım teknikleri açıklanmıştır. Üç tipoloji belirlendikten sonra kendi içlerinde benzer ve ayrı yönleri belirlenmiş, tez konusu yapı ile karşılaştırma yapılmıştır. Beşinci bölümde yapının restitüsyonu anlatılmıştır. Restitüsyon kararları, yapıdaki mevcut izler, aynı dönemde inşa edilmiş diğer evlerle kıyaslama ve evin inşasını hatırlayan ev sahibi ile yapılan görüşmeler sonucu alınmıştır. Altıncı bölümde öncelikle kerpiç malzemenin tarihçesi ve kerpiç malzemeyi iyileştirmeye yönelik yapılan çalışmalar anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra yapıdan alınan kerpiç tuğlaları ve kerpicin yapıldığı topraktan alınan örnekler üzerinde yapılan deneyler ve sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Kerpiç malzemeyi iyileştirmek amacı ile önceden yapılan çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurularak, alçı ve kireç katkılı numuneler hazırlanmış, mevcut kerpiç tuğlaları ile numunelerin basınç dayanımları kıyaslanmıştır. Yedinci bölümde, malzeme ile ilgili çalışmalar da göz önünde bulundurularak restorasyon projesi hazırlanmıştır. Restorasyon kararları alınırken çağdaş restorasyon kuramı temel alınmıştır. Ayrıca kullanıcı istekleri ve koruma kurulu tarafından alınan kararlar da dikkate alınmıştır. Restorasyon projesindeki temel amaç, yapının özgünlüğünü bozmadan, modern hayatın konforunu da içinde barındıracak biçimde düzenlemesi, böylece kullanılarak yaşatılmasıdır. Sekizinci bölümde, tüm konu toparlanarak yerel mimarinin rehabilitasyonunda izlenmesi gereken yöntem kısaca anlatılmıştır.

Korkmaz House is located in Konya Province, Akşehir borough, Karahüyük district. Within Konya province, 7 km. located distance to Akşehir, Karahüyük district is a residential area which has been home to many civilizations. In 2001 Karahüyük district is registered as archeological site of second degree for the first time. New structures were built from concrete are increasing in this area. But still there are some traditional houses which were built with traditional construction techniques within traditional lifestyle. This traditional houses were built in the 1950s. They are indicated a period which sought to develop traditional construction techniques with new material concrete which used extensively at that times. Korkmaz House is one of them, too. In the first chapter, aim of thesis are explained and the methods followed in developing methodology which need to use rehabilitation of local architecture are described. In the second chapter, expression from general to specific method is chosen. Firstly, geographical, physical, demographic and historical characteristics of Konya have been explained. Then geographical, physical, demographic and historical characteristics of Akşehir and Karahüyük have been described in detail. In the third chapter, location, history, current status, plan features, facade characteristic, architectural elements of Korkmaz House which is chosen as subjet of thesis have been explained in detail. Also a detailed description of the individual rooms, construction technique and the materials used in the structure, deteriorations and their causes have been described and supported by detailed drawings and photographs. In the fourth chapter, typological research which will be base for restitution decisions has been carried out. Firstly historical development of Turkish House has been described. Then plan order, facade system and construction techniques of Konya houses and Akşehir houses have been described in detail. Lastly plan typology, facade system and construction techniques of Karahüyük houses which was only mentioned in “Akşehir” book of İ.H. Konyalı has been explained. After these three typology were identified, similar and different aspects of themselves have been defined and the results were compared with Korkmaz House the subject of the thesis. As a result, it was understood that Korkmaz House has same characteristic features with traditional Turkish Houses, traditional Konya houses and traditional Akşehir houses. In the fifth chapter, restitution project has been described. Restitution desicions are taken with help of the existing trails on the building. Comparing with similar houses which were built at same period and interview with landlord who remembers the first construction of house have been useful for restitution decisions, too. In the sixth chapter, the history of mud brick and studies aimed to rehabilitation of adobe have been described. Samples of mud brick were taken from the building for tests. Also samples from soil which is used to make adobe were taken for analyses. The results were evaluated. To rehabilitation of adobe, adobe samples with adding gypsum and lime were prepared considering prior studies about improving adobe. The compressive strength of the samples was compared with the existing adobe bricks. It was taken into consideration that Karahuyuk soil is proper for producing adobe material. Of % 10 gypsum and of % 10 lime was added to soil in order to test the compressive strength. The results of these tests, it was found that the adobe with of % 10 lime was more strength. According to the results of test, the compressive strengths of mud bricks that are used in the building in which contain of %30 agrega was more strength. In the seventh chapter, restoration project is prepared considering studies on the material. Theory of contemporary restoration has been taken base for restoration decisions. In addition user requests and decisions which are taken by the Conservation Council have been taken into consideration. The main purpose of the restoration project is to protect the building without compromising the authenticity of the building and to accommodate the arrangement in the comfort of modern life. The building will be used, so that it will be protected. It was aimed that the main target was to make the building kept alive by taken the contemporary restoration theory as the fundemental point. In this process, some regulations was proposed without compromising the authenticity of the building by taking into account that comfort of modern life has to be accommodation. By doing this, some spatial arrangements considering user needs as a priority were done. In order to use the structure as two separate buildings wet areas were designed with materials from brick or lightweight gypsum board in order to prevent the damage of the mud bricks and overload of a structure. After determination of the spatial arrangements, interventions for repairs were done. The removal of unqualified annexes and the cleaning process of removal of cement mortar and plaster in the interior and exterior wall surfaces from the structure by physical methods were done as priority interventions. In the vernacular architecture, he current state of the material and structural system, deterioration rates and causes should be determined in a very good manner, and appropriate solutions have to be produced for every kind of deteriorations such as perishable material, reinforcement of carrier system. That being plastered wall surfaces prevents to be seen the deteriorations of materials and the carrier system, thus application of pluster blasting and re-identification of deteriorations to propose interventions. In vernacular architecture especially in Central Anatolia, as construction techniques, ‘hımış’ which built from mud brick and ‘masonry’ technique appear. A structure built with this system, building life is extended when provided the necessary protection against ground water and the superstructure. Therefore, the roof drainage system has been established in the building environment. But understood that the structure fails to fulfill the function of the roof, heat and water insulation with correct details were rebuilt as a wooden-seated cover of the roof. In order to bring the modern comfort to the vernacular architecture, water, electricity and heating installations need to be resolved correctly. In this respect, maintenance of the usable ones of existing equipment and building components and renewal of those who are unusable with the original details were proposed. Annexes units are indispensable accentuates in vernacular architecture. However these units have to be compatible with the structure. Therefore, the unqualified outbuildings have been removed and new units that are contemporarily equipped compatible with the structure has been added in order to meet the users needs. In the eighth chapter, topics are summarized and methods which need to use to rehabilitation of local architecture are described briefly.