Su elemanlarının kullanımı ve İstanbul çevre düzenlemelerindeki su elemanlarının araştırılması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, su elemanlarının kullanımı ve İstan bul çevre düzenlemelerindeki su elemanları araştırıl mıştır. Birinci bölümde, su elemanlarının peyzaj planlama daki önemi ve kullanım amaçları incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde, su elemanlarının tarihi gelişimi İlkçağ, Orta çağ, Yakınçağ, Türk, 19. yüzyıl, Amerikan ve Çağdaş bahçeler başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bö lümde, su elemanları durgun ve hareketli sular olarak ikiye ayrılmış, durgun sular; süs, yüzme ve çocuk oyun havuzları, göletler ve bataklık bahçeleri, hareketli sular ise; dereler, kaskat ve çağlayanlar, fıskiyeler, jetler ve çeşmeler başlıkları altında ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, su elemanlarının kullanımında önemli olan estetik planlama kriterleri ve su konumunun plan lama ilkeleri üzerinde durulmuş, çatı bahçelerinde, en düstri ve sergilerde su elemanlarının kullanımı araştı rılarak, su elemanlarının aydınlatma ve ses gösterileri ile su ve heykel ilişkisine değinilmiştir. Beşinci bö lümde, su elemanlarının bitkilendirilmesinde genel prensipler, bitki türleri ve bitkilerde görülen prob lemler belirlenmiştir. Altıncı bölümde, su elemanla rında yaban hayatı seçimindeki genel prensipler, tür seçimi ve yaban hayatında görülen problemler belirtil miştir. Yedinci bölümde, su elemanlarının uygulama teknikleri; süs havuzu, yüzme havuzu, derelerin, kaskat ve çağlayanların, fıskiye ve jetlerin uygulamaları baş lıkları altında incelenmiştir. Sekizinci bölümde, İs tanbul çevresindeki 30 alanda su elemanları araştırıl mıştır. Dokuzuncu bölümde, bunların arasında 19 tane sinde anketler yapılmış, anket soruları öznel değerlen dirme tekniklerinden yola çıkılarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sorular zihinsel değerlendirme tekniklerinden olan oran, thurstone ve likert skalaları, anlamsal farklı lıklar ve çok kategorili değerlendirme tekniklerinden olan sıralama tekniklerinden ortaya çıkmıştır. Onuncu bölümde, değerlendirmeler sonucundaki eleştiriler ya pılmıştır. Tez onbirinci bölümdeki sonuçlar ve öneri ler ile neticelendirilmiştir.

Water has been used as a design element in a multitude of ways throughout the ages, presenting a complexity and interweaving of function symbolism, and effect that defies simple classification. Only at a fairly gross level can one sort into categories many of the uses of water in design and even then such a classification inadequately describes the full reality and parameters of the areas so defined. At the risk of making such a classification, however, a few types of water features can be described for each of several environments. 1. Water in Repose 1.1. Pools 1.1.1. Garden Pools 1.1.1.1. Formal pools 1.1.1.2. Informal pools 1.1.1.3. Raised pools 1.1.2. Swimming Pools 1.1.3. Water in Play Areas 1.2. Ponds 1.3. Bog Garden 2. Dynamic Water 2.1. Rivers and Streams 2.2. Waterfalls and Cascades 2.2.1. Natural Cascades 2.2.2. Artificial Cascades 2.2. Fountains of Artificial Sources 2.3. Fountains of Natural Sources Quite water creates reflections, provides a special place in which to grow aquatic plants and a home for fish. Turn on the fountain and the scene XXI immediately changes, the pictures in the reflections are shattered, the fish become animated, and the movement and sound of the rising and falling of the water break the silence. In the first chapter, the importance and the goals of the uses of water elements in design are explained. The second chapter is concerned with the history of water elements in design. The water elements in the gardens of Antiquity such as gardens of Egypt and Mesopotamia, Ancient Persia, Hebrew and Phoenicia, China, Japan, Greece and Rome are explained. The water elements in the gardens of Middle Ages such as Byzantium, Spain Islam, Persia Islam and India Islam are explained. The water element in the gardens of period from 1789 A.D. to the present in the thesis contains Renaissance, Baroque and English gardens. Then Turkish gardens are classified in following groups: Palace, Large Wooden House, Imposing House and Waterside House. At the end of this chapter, Nineteenth Century Gardens, American Gardens and Contemporary Gardens are explained. In the third chapter, the water is divided into two parts: Water in Repose and Dynamic Water. Pools, ponds and bog gardens are examined in detail. Pools include formal, informal and raised garden pools, swimming pools and water in play areas. A formal pool often serves a different function from an informal one, for in an appropriate setting it is often used to mirror the landscape around it. Formality has little bearing upon the materials that the pool is constructed from. Prefabricated fiberglass pools, pool liners and traditional concrete can all yield a first class formal water feature. A formal pool should be square, rectangle, circle, oval, or a combination of such symmetrical shapes, each counter-balanced so that the overall visual effect is one of the equilibrium. The same applies to waterfalls or fountain features. Informality in a landscape area is more difficult to achieve and not so easy to practice. An informal pool should not be cluttered with fussy niches and contortions that are difficult to construct. An informal pool generally is planted liberally with water plants. The problems in relation to the pools are XXll investigated. Dynamic water contains rivers, streams, waterfalls and cascades. Cascades are explained in two groups: Natural and artificial. Fountains are evaluated according to the origin of their sources. The methods of application and the construction of these water elements are examined in detail. The fourth chapter contains general principles of design. The planning criteria from the aesthetic point of view, the position and location of the water elements are explained. Roof gardens have also water elements inside. Whatever the structural strength of the roof, light-weight materials can be used wherever possible. Another place for the use of water features is the exhibition. This chapter also contains the relations between water and sculpture. Besides lighting and sound presentations are refereed. Fifth chapter is related to planting. The general principles of planting, plants used with water features and their problems are mentioned. Water gardening is unlike any other kind of gardening, for when planting a pool the designer is creating a whole new underwater world in which plants and fish depend upon one another to provide the basic requirements necessary for their continued existence. The plants used with water features can be listed in the following groups : 1. Hardy Water lilies 2. Tropical Water lilies 3. Lotus 4. Deep-aquatic plants 5. Hardy marginal plants 6. Tender marginal plants 7. Hardy submerged plants 8. Tender submerged plants 9. Hardy floating plants 10. Tender floating plants 11. Bog garden plants 12. Bog garden ferns 13. Shrubby bog garden plants In addition to the list of plants an easy propagation guide is presented for each group. xxin Sixth chapter contains fish and other livestock. Indeed, they are essential for the control of aquatic insect life (which otherwise disfigures aquatic plants) and the larvae of the mosquito. They are also much valued as an additional source of interest in the water garden, adding colour and life to the pool. Besides the general principles of choosing fish, the problems in relation to them are investigated. In the seventh chapter the construction, application and the techniques are mentioned. The concrete pool still has its adherents and rightly so, for a properly lay concrete pool is as good as any other and has some advantages of being flexible in design. Pool liners are a popular form of construction, and justifiably so, for they are available in a range of sizes and materials that are within the reach of all but the most impecunious. Most popular pool liners consist merely of a sheet of heavy- gauge polythene or rubber material that is placed in the excavation and moulded to its contours. Special liners for pools and electric pumps for fountains have brought ponds and water jets. This chapter comprises the application techniques of garden pools, swimming pools, streams, cascades, waterfalls, fountains and jets. In the eight chapter, water elements in thirty landscape areas are analyzed. The landscape areas are Ataköy Second Part Jogging Park, Olympic Park, Aytekin Kotil Park, Kuruçeşme Cemil Topuzlu Park, Taksim Park, Gülhane Park, Yıldız Park, Emirgan Park, Fenerbahçe Island, Kuruçeşme Park, Fenerbahçe Pyramid, Haseki Hürrem Sultan Public Bath, Conrad Hotel, Beyoğlu Borsa Fastfood, Galleria Shopping Mall, Regatta Shopping Mall, Erenköy Apollon Cinema, Soğuk Çeşme Street, Kabataş Seabus Port, Beşiktaş Barbaros Boulevard, Kadıköy Bahariye Street, Atatürk Cultural Center, Taksim Boulevard, Maçka Democracy Park, Öztek Textile Factory, Ulus Park, Akmerkez Shopping Mall, Yenikapi Park, Florya Junction and Kartal Park. In the ninth chapter, some queries are given to the people being in some regions by random. Consequently, the aesthetically preferences of people indicate that formal beds and borders in limited areas must be accompanied by a formal pool while the xxiv atmosphere in the bigger areas dictates an informal feature. The tenth chapter concludes critics. While the position with a pool occupies in the garden is vital from a practical and visual point of view, the design should not be neglected. Structurally sound pools in ideal situations are often spoiled by a lack of imagination in tying them in with their surroundings. Present landscape areas are critiqued in this sense. Findings and proposals are presented in the last chapter. The results of the study and suggestions for the future landscape areas are given in this chapter. The results are summarized in the conclusion of queries.