Tasarım yoluyla araştırma ile düşünüm kayıtları: Mimarlar ve defterleri
Tasarım yoluyla araştırma ile düşünüm kayıtları: Mimarlar ve defterleri
Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Uzunkaya, Aslı
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Özet
Bu çalışma mimari tasarımı etkileyen, oluşturan örtük bilgiyi öznel birikimler ve araçlar üzerinden araştırma denemesidir. Araştırma ve tasarlama birlikteliğine verilen önemle odağı; özneler, birikimleri ve bu birikimi sağlayan araçları (defterler) özelinde mimari tasarım araştırmalarıdır. "Mimarlar" üzerinden ve "araştırmacı"nın sürece dahil edilmesiyle, örtük bilgiyi dışsallaştırmak üzere geliştirilip sunulan araştırma yaklaşımı ve irdeleme aracı ile mimari tasarım araştırmaları literatürüne eklemlenmek hedeflenir. Mimarın tasarıma yaklaşımının ve dolayısıyla ürünün, her eylemden bilinçli veya bilinçsizce edinilen deneyimler ve kazanımlar aracılığıyla biriktirilerek oluştuğuna dair bir kabulle başlayan çalışma iki önemli sav üzerine kuruludur: mimarlık araştırmasının pratiğe dair problematiklerden doğacağı ve pratiğin süreçleri, araçları ve özneleri aracılığıyla araştırılıp, geliştirilebileceği. Bu bağlamda çalışma, mimarlık pratiğini salt inşa eylemi olarak ele almaz ve mimarlık araştırmasına dair eylemler de pratiğin içinde kabul edilir. Çalışma kapsamında kişinin araştırma eylemini de kapsayan mimari tasarıma dair bu örtük bilgi "düşünümsel birikim" olarak tanımlanır. Mimari tasarım süreci ve ürünü, ortak kabuller, bakışlar, odaklar ve kavramların varlığıyla birlikte, öznelerin düşünümsel birikimleri ve bu doğrultuda kurdukları kavramlar arası ilişkilerle çeşitlenir. Bu savla düşünüm, mimari tasarım ürünü ve süreci araştırmalarında önemli bir noktaya yerleştirilir. Sonuç ürün temsillerine ek olarak bu birikimi de özneler odağında incelemenin, mimarlık teorisinin/pratiğinin gelişimine katkıda bulunacağı öne sürülür. Bu hedef doğrultusunda çalışma (1) öznel birikime bakış ve (2) disiplinin kendi araçlarına bakış olarak tanımlanabilecek iki durum üzerinden örtük olan bu bilgiyi araştırmaya odaklanır. Örtük bilgiyi dışsallaştırma hedefiyle çalışma, bu bilgiyi özneler ve araçlar üzerinden irdelemeye dair bir döngüden beslenir. Kişiler özelinde, ürünü oluşturan, tasarımcıyı besleyen ve biriken bilgi üzerine temellenir. Örtük bilgi ve özne odaklı çalışmalarda, eylemi gerçekleştiren ve ürünü oluşturan kişi aynı zamanda araştırmacının kendisiyken; böylesi araştırmaların eylemin gerçekleştiricisi ve düşünümün sahibi özne(ler) dışındaki kişiler tarafından nasıl yapılacağı çalışmanın problematiğini oluşturur. Mimari tasarım süreçlerindeki örtük bilgi birikimini, bu sürecin öznesi gibi araştırmak mümkün müdür? sorusundan hareketle, başlangıçta bir kısıt oluşturan öznelere dair bu ayrım, araştırmacının da sürecin bir parçası olarak çalışmada yer alışına ve bu bakışla kurgulanan bir araştırma yaklaşımına dönüşmüştür. Bu yaklaşımla çalışma, sürecin öznesi(ymiş) gibi, birikimi araştırmanın ve bu esnada tasarım-araştırma eyleminden yani mimarların süreçteki eylemlerinin temsilini içeren araçlardan faydalanmanın gerekliliğini vurgular. "Düşünüm üzerinden (mimari) tasarım araştırması" ismiyle önerilen bu yaklaşım, temel olarak "tasarım yoluyla araştırma" (ing. research by design) yöntemi altında yer alır. Düşünüm odağında detaylandırabilmek amacıyla, sanat araştırmaları ve mimari tasarım araştırmaları incelenmiş; Christopher Frayling'in (1993) araştırma ve tasarlama birlikteliğine dair fikirleri baz alınmış ve çalışmanın bağlamına göre uyarlanmıştır. Önerilen bu yaklaşım ürün, sonuç ürün temsili, tasarım süreci ile araştırma yoluyla biriktirilen "düşünüm"ü, aracı ve özneyi birbirinden ayırmaz. "Araştırmacı", "kavramsal altlık" ve "mimar" bileşenlerinden oluşan yaklaşım çerçevesinde (1) düşünümsel birikimi araştırmak önemsenir ve örtük olan bu bilgiyi deşifre etmek amaçlanır. (2) Araştırma, disipline dair süreçlerde kullanılan ve birikimi aktaran araçlar vasıtasıyla yapılır. (3) Araştırmacının çalışmaları öncül bileşen olarak kullanılır. (4) Süreç, kavramsal altlık ile desteklenerek geliştirilir. Bu doğrultuda öznelerin düşünümsel birikimi yani örtük bilgi tasarım pratiğiyle ilintili biçimde araştırılmış olur. Önerilen yaklaşımın uygulama sürecinde, "araştırmacı" üzerinden yapılan öncül irdelemeyle bakış açısı kurgulanırken; bu aşama, bir başka öznenin araçlarını (defterler) izlenebilecek bilgi ve eylemleri belirlemeye yönelik bir bileşen olarak ele alınır ve keşif süreci olarak nitelendirilir. Öznelere verilen önem doğrultusunda, araştırmacının da sürecin bir parçası olarak çalışmada yer alışının denenmesinin, mimarlık araştırmalarında yine öznellik odaklı yeni bir çerçeveyi işaret ettiği düşünülmektedir. Ardıl bileşen, "kavramsal altlık", Bryan Lawson'ın (2005a) mimarların birikimini, yönlendirici prensipler şeklinde tanımlayarak incelediği çalışması üzerine kuruludur. Düşünüm odağındaki bu metnin deşifre edilmesiyle, bir mimarın "düşünümsel birikim"ini oluşturabilecek ve katılımcılarda izlenebilecek kavramlar teorik düzlemde belirlenir. Kavramsal altlık ve (araştırmacının) keşif süreci, mimarları (özneleri) inceleyebilmek amaçlı öncül süreçlerdir ve bir altlık görevi görürler. Özneler, burada "mimarlar", bu altlıkla, araştırmacı defterlerinden edinilen bakış ve kavramsal altlık ile ortaya konulan kavramsal ağ aracılığıyla, incelenir. Bu süreçte inceleme aracı, yine tasarım ve araştırma süreçlerine dair örtük bilgiyi barındıran defterlerken; inceleme katılımcılarla yapılan eş zamanlı görüşmeler ile genişler. Bu aşama, pratiğin özneleri ve onların "tasarlama ve araştırma" eylemlerini içeren örtük bilginin, düşünümsel birikimlerinin araştırılması açısından önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, çalışmanın ürünü olan çözümleme diyagramı oluşumuna da katkı sağlar. Öncül bileşende belirlenen kavramlara yeni eklemeler yapılmasında, kavramlar arası ilişkilerin kurulmasında ve çeşitlenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Bu rol ile bir yandan da mimari tasarım süreçlerini şekillendiren düşünüme dair literatürde mevcut perspektif genişletilmiş ve güncellenmiş olur. Üç bileşen doğrultusunda erişilen bağlam, mimarların birikimini yani örtük bilgiyi oluşturması muhtemel kavramlar ve aralarındaki ilişki ağıdır. Bu ağ, "çözümleme diyagramı" adı altında, yine ilişkiler üzerinden ve dönüştürülebilecek bir irdeleme altlığı olarak görselleştirilir. Çözümleme diyagramı, öznelerin düşünümsel birikimini çerçevesinde, değişmeye müsait ilişkilerin yorumlanabileceği; bu doğrultuda mimari tasarım ürününün ve süreçlerinin, özneler ve araçları ile çözümlenebileceği bir araç olarak sunulur. Çözümleme diyagramı ile birlikte diyagramın tasarlanma, üretilme süreci, daha geniş veya farklı katılımcı gruplarını/araçlarını araştırabilecek ileri çalışmalar için bir temel oluşturur. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın katkısı çözümleme diyagramı önerisi ile temsil bulan örtük bilgiyi araştırmaya yönelik kurgulanan araştırma yaklaşımıdır. Bu yaklaşımla, çalışmanın mimarlık pratiğinin salt ürüne indirgenemeyeceği, araştırmayı da içerdiği ve öznel birikimin önemine dair savı, öznelerin düşünümsel sürecine ulaşarak araştırmanın pratikle ilişkilendirilebileceği yönündeki söylemine dönüşmüştür. Önerilen yaklaşım sebep-sonuç ilişkisi içinde, her konu için tekrar edilebilecek statik ve sıralı bir yapı sunmaz; aksine süreçlere ve öznelere verilen önemle, her problematik ve koşulun kendi yöntemini yaratabileceği savıyla, uyarlamalara müsait organik bir sistem sunar. Sunulan, aynı zamanda, mimari tasarım araştırmalarında özne(ler) ve araç(lar) üzerinden farklı kurguların oluşturulabileceğine dair bir denemeyle, bir bütün halinde düşünme ve üretme biçimidir.
This study is an attempt to research the tacit knowledge that shapes architectural design processes through subjective accumulations and tools. With the emphasis on the unity of research and design, the focus is on architectural design research in particular for subjects, their knowledge and the tools (journals). With the premise that design embodies tacit and personal knowledge, it proposes an alternative way to decipher this subjective medium. Thus, a research approach and a revealing diagram for reflective practice is proposed. These are developed and presented to reveal tacit knowledge through the "architect's" tools and the involvement of the "researcher" in the process. Accordingly, the study aims to be articulated in the architectural design research literature with this research approach and revealing tool. The study is predicated on the idea that architects have lifelong reflections along with in or on actions. It begins with an acceptance that the architect's approach to design, and thus the product, is formed through these reflections, the experiences gained (consciously or unconsciously) from each action. The architectural design process, which has an intense and complex relationship with research, is based on tacit and reflective knowledge and actions. While architectural design itself is a kind of research act, it is enriched by personal knowledge that also determines the professional position of the architect. In this context, each architectural design process and the thoughts, themes and actions behind it are considered to constitute the knowledge of an architect's professional life. Hereby, the study is based on two important arguments: that architectural research emerges from practical problematics, and that it can be explored and developed through the processes, tools and subjects of practice. In this context, the study does not consider architectural practice merely as an act of design. Actions related to architectural research are also included in practice. Within the scope of the study, this tacit knowledge about architectural design, which includes the person's research action, is defined as "reflective accumulation". In addition to common acceptances, focuses and concepts; the architectural design process / product diversifies with the reflective accumulation of the subjects and the relationships between the concepts they establish accordingly. In line with this view, "reflection" and "tacit knowledge" are presented as important knowledge that constitute architectural design. In addition to the product examinations, revealing this accumulation and subject(s) is seen as a contribution to the development of architectural theory / practice. With the goal of revealing tacit knowledge, the study feeds on a loop of deciphering tacit knowledge through subjects and tools. It is based on the knowledge that creates the product, feeds the architect and accumulates in the individual. In such researches that focus on processes, tacit knowledge and reflection; the practitioner and researcher are usually the same person. As the researcher is concerned with her/his own work, the main question of the study arises therein: Is it possible to study how tacit knowledge functions within processes of architectural design without being its very subject? Based on this question, this distinction regarding the subjects, which initially constituted a constraint, has turned into a research approach. This approach has been built with the researcher's involvement as a part of the study. With this approach, this study emphasizes the necessity of researching (unrepresented) accumulation, such as the subject of the process. And it attachs importance to making use of the design-research action, that is, the means of representing the actions of the architects in the process. This research approach is proposed under the name of "(architectural) design research through reflection". It basically belongs to "research by design" method. In the process of achieving this approach, artistic research and architectural design researchs were examined as literature review. In order to elaborate in the focus of reflection, the study borrows and reinterpretes the ideas of Christopher Frayling (1993) on the unity of design and research. This approach does not distinguish product, representation, design process and reflection accumulated through research, tools and subject. Within the framework of the approach consisting of "researcher", "conceptual base" and "architects" components, (1) it is aimed to search for and reveal reflective and tacit knowledge. (2) Research is carried out by means of tools that create and transfer knowledge in disciplinary processes. (3) The researcher's work is used as a preliminary component. (4) The process is developed by being supported by a theoretical basis. In this direction, the reflective accumulation of the subjects, that is, the tacit knowledge, is investigated in relation to design practice. In the making process of the proposed approach, the perspective was constructed with the preliminary examination made through the "researcher". This stage is considered as a component for determining the knowledge and actions to be sought while following the tools (journals) of another subject. And it is defined as the discovery process. In line with the importance given to the subjects, it is thought that attempting to involve the researcher in the study as a part of the process indicates a new subjectivity-oriented framework in architectural research. The emphasis on accumulation and tacit knowledge has brought along the transparent sharing of all processes of the thesis study, which is seen as a subjective journey, as well as the approach developed. With this view, the constraints and problems in the research process forced the study to evolve in different directions. All these orientations took place in the transfer of the thesis process. With the description of the reflection in the research process, the thesis was represented in a process-oriented manner, just as expected in the practice of the discipline. The successor component, the "conceptual basis", is based on the work of Bryan Lawson (2005a) in which the accumulation of architects are described as guiding principles. By deciphering this text, the concepts that can constitute the reflective accumulation of an architect and that can be followed on the architects tools are determined on the theoretical level. The conceptual basis and (the researcher's) discovery process are the preliminary processes to examine the architects (subjects) and served as a basis. Subjects, that is, "participant architects", are examined through this basis. In this process, while the examination tools are journals that contain knowledge about the design and research processes both; the analysis expands with simultaneous interviews with participants. Thus, subjective tacit knowledge, that is, the reflective accumulation of the participants, is attained. However, this stage also contributes to formation of the "revealing diagram", which is presented as the final product of the study. Architects' journals play an important role in making new additions to the concepts determined in the basis component, establishing and diversifying relationships between these. With this role, the current perspective in the literature on reflection, which shapes architectural design processes, is expanded and updated. The context reached in line with the three components is the concepts that are likely to form the accumulation of architects and the network of relationships between them. This network is visualized under the name of "revealing diagram" as an exploratory base, again through relationships which can be transformed. The revealing diagram is presented as a tool through which relations can be interpreted within the framework of subjects. Accordingly, it is a tool by which the subjects, tools and processes of the architectural design product can be analyzed. Along with the revealing diagram, the process of designing, producing it provides a basis for further studies that can explore larger or different groups / tools of participants. This research approach, which aims to reveal tacit knowledge, can be adapted to different subjects, tools and processes with the same goal. It is open to adaptations on the role of different subjects in teamwork and the effect of their reflective accumulation, externalization of students' tacit knowledge in architectural education; deciphering the experience; and the transparency of the instructor' constructions of the process in architectural design studios. What is important here is the importance given to decipherment of tacit knowledge and the relationship established between subjects and means under the name of reflective records. In this context, the contribution of the study is the research approach, which is represented by the revealing diagram and designed to investigate the subjects and tacit knowledge. Combining and simultaneously searching practice and research presented the possibility to study reflective processes of architectural design without being its very subject; and to research practice with ability to enlarge or narrow according to time and person. The study also contributes to architectural research by shifting the perspective on reflective knowledge that shapes design processes. Consequently, the argument about the importance of the subjective accumulation and that the practice of architecture cannot be reduced only to the product; has turned into the discourse that research can be associated with practice by reaching the reflective process of the subjects. The proposed approach does not present a static and ordered structure that can be repeated for every subject in a cause-effect relationship. On the contrary, it offers an organic system suitable for adaptations, with the emphasis placed on processes and subjects, arguing that each problematic and condition can create its own method. With an attempt to create different constructions through subject(s) and tool(s) in architectural design research, it is also a way of thinking and making as a whole.
This study is an attempt to research the tacit knowledge that shapes architectural design processes through subjective accumulations and tools. With the emphasis on the unity of research and design, the focus is on architectural design research in particular for subjects, their knowledge and the tools (journals). With the premise that design embodies tacit and personal knowledge, it proposes an alternative way to decipher this subjective medium. Thus, a research approach and a revealing diagram for reflective practice is proposed. These are developed and presented to reveal tacit knowledge through the "architect's" tools and the involvement of the "researcher" in the process. Accordingly, the study aims to be articulated in the architectural design research literature with this research approach and revealing tool. The study is predicated on the idea that architects have lifelong reflections along with in or on actions. It begins with an acceptance that the architect's approach to design, and thus the product, is formed through these reflections, the experiences gained (consciously or unconsciously) from each action. The architectural design process, which has an intense and complex relationship with research, is based on tacit and reflective knowledge and actions. While architectural design itself is a kind of research act, it is enriched by personal knowledge that also determines the professional position of the architect. In this context, each architectural design process and the thoughts, themes and actions behind it are considered to constitute the knowledge of an architect's professional life. Hereby, the study is based on two important arguments: that architectural research emerges from practical problematics, and that it can be explored and developed through the processes, tools and subjects of practice. In this context, the study does not consider architectural practice merely as an act of design. Actions related to architectural research are also included in practice. Within the scope of the study, this tacit knowledge about architectural design, which includes the person's research action, is defined as "reflective accumulation". In addition to common acceptances, focuses and concepts; the architectural design process / product diversifies with the reflective accumulation of the subjects and the relationships between the concepts they establish accordingly. In line with this view, "reflection" and "tacit knowledge" are presented as important knowledge that constitute architectural design. In addition to the product examinations, revealing this accumulation and subject(s) is seen as a contribution to the development of architectural theory / practice. With the goal of revealing tacit knowledge, the study feeds on a loop of deciphering tacit knowledge through subjects and tools. It is based on the knowledge that creates the product, feeds the architect and accumulates in the individual. In such researches that focus on processes, tacit knowledge and reflection; the practitioner and researcher are usually the same person. As the researcher is concerned with her/his own work, the main question of the study arises therein: Is it possible to study how tacit knowledge functions within processes of architectural design without being its very subject? Based on this question, this distinction regarding the subjects, which initially constituted a constraint, has turned into a research approach. This approach has been built with the researcher's involvement as a part of the study. With this approach, this study emphasizes the necessity of researching (unrepresented) accumulation, such as the subject of the process. And it attachs importance to making use of the design-research action, that is, the means of representing the actions of the architects in the process. This research approach is proposed under the name of "(architectural) design research through reflection". It basically belongs to "research by design" method. In the process of achieving this approach, artistic research and architectural design researchs were examined as literature review. In order to elaborate in the focus of reflection, the study borrows and reinterpretes the ideas of Christopher Frayling (1993) on the unity of design and research. This approach does not distinguish product, representation, design process and reflection accumulated through research, tools and subject. Within the framework of the approach consisting of "researcher", "conceptual base" and "architects" components, (1) it is aimed to search for and reveal reflective and tacit knowledge. (2) Research is carried out by means of tools that create and transfer knowledge in disciplinary processes. (3) The researcher's work is used as a preliminary component. (4) The process is developed by being supported by a theoretical basis. In this direction, the reflective accumulation of the subjects, that is, the tacit knowledge, is investigated in relation to design practice. In the making process of the proposed approach, the perspective was constructed with the preliminary examination made through the "researcher". This stage is considered as a component for determining the knowledge and actions to be sought while following the tools (journals) of another subject. And it is defined as the discovery process. In line with the importance given to the subjects, it is thought that attempting to involve the researcher in the study as a part of the process indicates a new subjectivity-oriented framework in architectural research. The emphasis on accumulation and tacit knowledge has brought along the transparent sharing of all processes of the thesis study, which is seen as a subjective journey, as well as the approach developed. With this view, the constraints and problems in the research process forced the study to evolve in different directions. All these orientations took place in the transfer of the thesis process. With the description of the reflection in the research process, the thesis was represented in a process-oriented manner, just as expected in the practice of the discipline. The successor component, the "conceptual basis", is based on the work of Bryan Lawson (2005a) in which the accumulation of architects are described as guiding principles. By deciphering this text, the concepts that can constitute the reflective accumulation of an architect and that can be followed on the architects tools are determined on the theoretical level. The conceptual basis and (the researcher's) discovery process are the preliminary processes to examine the architects (subjects) and served as a basis. Subjects, that is, "participant architects", are examined through this basis. In this process, while the examination tools are journals that contain knowledge about the design and research processes both; the analysis expands with simultaneous interviews with participants. Thus, subjective tacit knowledge, that is, the reflective accumulation of the participants, is attained. However, this stage also contributes to formation of the "revealing diagram", which is presented as the final product of the study. Architects' journals play an important role in making new additions to the concepts determined in the basis component, establishing and diversifying relationships between these. With this role, the current perspective in the literature on reflection, which shapes architectural design processes, is expanded and updated. The context reached in line with the three components is the concepts that are likely to form the accumulation of architects and the network of relationships between them. This network is visualized under the name of "revealing diagram" as an exploratory base, again through relationships which can be transformed. The revealing diagram is presented as a tool through which relations can be interpreted within the framework of subjects. Accordingly, it is a tool by which the subjects, tools and processes of the architectural design product can be analyzed. Along with the revealing diagram, the process of designing, producing it provides a basis for further studies that can explore larger or different groups / tools of participants. This research approach, which aims to reveal tacit knowledge, can be adapted to different subjects, tools and processes with the same goal. It is open to adaptations on the role of different subjects in teamwork and the effect of their reflective accumulation, externalization of students' tacit knowledge in architectural education; deciphering the experience; and the transparency of the instructor' constructions of the process in architectural design studios. What is important here is the importance given to decipherment of tacit knowledge and the relationship established between subjects and means under the name of reflective records. In this context, the contribution of the study is the research approach, which is represented by the revealing diagram and designed to investigate the subjects and tacit knowledge. Combining and simultaneously searching practice and research presented the possibility to study reflective processes of architectural design without being its very subject; and to research practice with ability to enlarge or narrow according to time and person. The study also contributes to architectural research by shifting the perspective on reflective knowledge that shapes design processes. Consequently, the argument about the importance of the subjective accumulation and that the practice of architecture cannot be reduced only to the product; has turned into the discourse that research can be associated with practice by reaching the reflective process of the subjects. The proposed approach does not present a static and ordered structure that can be repeated for every subject in a cause-effect relationship. On the contrary, it offers an organic system suitable for adaptations, with the emphasis placed on processes and subjects, arguing that each problematic and condition can create its own method. With an attempt to create different constructions through subject(s) and tool(s) in architectural design research, it is also a way of thinking and making as a whole.
Açıklama
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021
Anahtar kelimeler
Mimari tasarım,
Architectural design,
Veri işlem,
Data processing