Mikro ölçekli inşaat işletmelerinin kar kayıp sebeplerinin irdelenmesi
Mikro ölçekli inşaat işletmelerinin kar kayıp sebeplerinin irdelenmesi
Dosyalar
Tarih
31.01.2014
Yazarlar
Okay, Ferzan
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Etkisi bulunduğu tüm sektörlerle beraber çok büyük bir güç olan inşaat sektörünün ekonomiye katkısının sürekliliğinin sağlanması amacıyla sorunlarının irdelenmesi ve araştırılması gerekmektedir. İnşaat sektörünün ülke ekonomisine katkısı sadece inşaat çalışanları ile sınırlı değildir. Sağlam bir ekonomi yaratabilmek, toplumsal geleceğin daha iyi şartlara kavuşturulması ve göçün engellenmesi açısından inşaat sektörü önemli görevler üstlenmiş bulunmaktadır. Türk ekonomisinde inşaat sektörünün bu derecede önemli bir konumda bulunması inşaat işletmelerinin sorunları üzerine araştırmalar yapılması ihtiyacını doğurmaktadır.
Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde alt yüklenici olarak genel inşaat işleri yapan mikro ölçekli inşaat işletmelerinin hedefledikleri karlılık düzeyine ulaşmalarını engelleyen, kar kaybına neden olabilecek faktörler incelenmiş, bu faktörlerin hedeflenen karı hesaplama aşamasında işletmeler tarafından ne düzeyde göz önünde tutulduğu ve karlılıklarını ne düzeyde etkilediği araştırılmıştır. Konularında uzman yetkili personelin verdiği yanıtlar üzerinden değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.
Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde konu hakkında genel bilgilendirme yapılarak, inşaat sektörünün ülke için önemi anlatılmış, çalışmanın yapılacağı konunun belirlenmesinden bahsedilmiş, çalışmanın amacı ve kısıtları belirtilmiştir.
İkinci bölüm çalışmanın literatür araştırması kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Bu bölümde inşaat işletmelerinin türleri, işletmelerinin büyüklükleri, inşaat projelerinin türleri, proje yönetim süreçleri ve inşaat projelerinin karlılığı etkileyen başlıca faktörler anlatılmıştır. Bu faktörler anket sorularını oluşturmuştur. Ankette yer alan 38 faktör 11 temel proje yönetim sürecine göre kategorize edilerek detaylı şekilde açıklanmıştır.
Üçüncü bölümde anket çalışmasının hazırlanışı genel hatlarıyla izah edilmiştir. Anket çalışmasına genel bakış, anketin uygulanış yöntemi, güvenilirliği, hazırlanışı ve istatistiki bilgileri konularında bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya kaç kişinin katıldığı, katılanlara hangi yöntemlerle ulaşıldığı, değerlendirmelerin hangi istatistiksel yöntemlerle yapıldığı bu bölümde anlatılmıştır.
Dördüncü bölümde, anket çalışmasının sonuçları ve değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Ankete katılan kişi ve şirketler hakkında tablo, grafik ve yüzdelik dilim şemalarıyla sonuçlar ortaya koyulmuş ve bu sonuçlar üzerinde karşılaştırma ve değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Bu bölümde ayrıca anket çalışmasının oluşmasında temel hedef olan karlılığı etkileyebilecek başlıca faktörlerin kar oranı tahmininde göz önüne alınması ve karlılığı etkilemesi hakkındaki sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Faktörlerin ortalama göz önüne alınma ve karlılığa etki değerleri belirtilerek önemlilik derecelerine göre sıralama yapılmıştır. Karlılık hesabında en çok göz önüne alınan faktörler, maliyet tahmin hataları, ana yükleniciden hak ediş ödeme alımlarının gecikmesi, enflasyon - inşaat malzemelerindeki fiyat artışı olarak; en çok kar kaybına yol açan faktörler ise tasarım problemleri, ana yükleniciden hak ediş ödeme alımlarının gecikmesi, ana yüklenicinin sözleşme kapsamı dışındaki taleplerini sözlü olarak yapması sonucu ortaya çıkan yanlış imalat ve geri dönüşler olarak bulunmuştur.
Ayrıca, her faktörün önemlilik göstergeleri bulunarak hangi faktöre daha çok önem verilmesi gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Bunların yanında bu bölümde, faktörlerin hedeflenen kar hesabında göz önüne alınma dereceleri ve elde edilen karı etkileme dereceleri arasındaki sapmalar bulunarak alt yüklenicilerin kar hesabında hangi faktörlere daha fazla önem göstermesi gerektiği gösterilmiştir. Bundan sonraki kar hesaplamalarında daha fazla göz önünde tutulması gereken ilk üç faktör tasarım problemleri, ana yüklenicinin sözleşme kapsamı dışındaki taleplerini sözlü olarak yapması sonucu ortaya çıkan yanlış imalat ve geri dönüşler ve aynı projede çalışan diğer alt yüklenicilerin yol açtığı giderlerdir.
Son olarak, beşinci bölümde çalışma sonucu elde edilen başlıca sonuçlar belirtilmiş ve gelecek çalışmalar için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Construction sector consists of public and private corporations which contribute to produce of constructions in many way. It has an enormous strength with the sectors which are affected from construction sector. This sector does not only assist the country’s economy, but also plays a major role for inhibition of immigration, rising the civilization and life standards. Construction sector has been growing rapidly in Turkiye and new companies are setting up at an increasing rate. It is on the key position for Turkish economy. This situation creates an enormous courage for conducting the researches on construction companies’ problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors causing loss of profit for micro-sized construction companies which work on general construction works in Turkiye. In this research, factors that cause loss of profit have been researched to understand how much importance are given by the companies to each factor while the companies prepare their target profit and effects on real profit. In the first part of this study, basic informations was given about the research and the importance of construction sector for Turkiye. Also, the aim of this study and restrictions and subject determining methodology were explained in this part. The second part is a literature research about factors that were reviewed to identify the factors affecting the profit. In addition, other regional factors had been add as recommended by experts. These factors generates the survey’s questions. The 38 factors causing loss of profit were categorized on 11 basic project management processes and explained in details. Also, general information about types of construction companies such as companies’ size, types of construction projects and project management processes take part in this section. In the third part of this study, design of questionnaire was explained in generally. Also, informations were given about survey, implementation of the survey methods, survey’s reliability, preparation of questions and statistical informations. Informations were given about the number of people attended the survey, sampling, scoring and data analysis methods in this part. The reliability of this survey is 89% by the Slovin Formula. Quota sampling was used as sampling method and totally 136 questionnaires were distributed as follows: 66 with e-mail, 70 with site visitings. 78 questionnaires were received (57%) as follows: 8 (10%) from owners, 70 (90%). For the scoring the each question after 17th, the respondents have five options. These are “extremely severe”, “very severe”, “severe”, “somewhat severe” and “not severe”. These options express the severity of the factors. In the forth part, the rankings, statistical analysis, results and major findings were explained. The datas were shown with tables, charts, graphs and percentile diagrams about respondent people and companies. Comparisons and evaluations were made on this results. Between the 78 respondents, 54% are bachelor s degree, 24% are masters degree, 22% are primary school and high school graduate. 25% of respondents are in 22-30, 23% are in 41-45 age group. Respondents’ 23% are 11-15, 19% are 1-5 years experienced in construction sector. 49% of respondents are company owner/partner, 46% are project manager/site chief, 5% are other personnel. %55 of respondents are working for 1-5 years in their companies. 32% of companies 6-10, 25% of companies has activities for 11-15 years in construction sector. Companies mostly specialized on residential structures and leastest specialized on infrastructure and transportation structures. According to survey, in the micro-sized and general construction companies in Turkiye, the project management processes are managed by company owner/partner or project manager/site chief. Tender and bid management, contract management, time management, cost management processes are generally managed by company owner/partner. On the other hand, quality management, communication and document management, health safety and environment management, human resources management, purchasing management, scope management, risk management processes are generally managed by project manager/site chief. As it is seen in the results, the processes which are about money, managing by company owner/partner. Otherwise, the processes which are about site works and other relations, are managed by project manager/site chief. Technical staff and counsellor employing aren’t preferred for managing the processes. Accordingly it is inevitable that, some problems will appear in process managements because of lack of experience, oversights and excessive workloads. According to survey, companies’ target profit rate is usually between 16-20% and 11-15% interval. Eventually at the final of projects, they have 6-10% and 1-5% profit rate generally. When we are looking at the avarage rate of target profit and realized profit, there is a 10% difference between two of them. Companies target profit rate was 36-40% max., 6-10% min. Their real pofit was 21-25% max and some companies lost money. 34% of respondents target profit was 16-20%, 30% are 11-15%, 13% are 21-25%. 42% of respondents had 6-10% profit, 34% are 1-5%, 13% are 16-20%. Also, in this part, the results were taken about how much importance is given by the companies for each factor when the companies preparing their target profit and the factors affect levels on real profit. Rankings were made with the results about factors leading loss of profit. The factors which are taken into account mostly when estimating target profit are (1) labor, machinery, materials cost estimation mistakes caused by lack of detail examining, far from reality, confused, shortsighted estimates, (2) delay in progress payment from the main contractor, (3) inflation - the increase in the prices of construction materials, (4) disadvantages in the field and climatic conditions, (5) site delivery delays by the main contractor. On the other hand, the factors which cause loss of profit are (1) design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes, (2) delay in progress payment from the main contractor, (3) incorrect producing and returns because of main contractor s oral demands ones are outside the scope of the contract, (4) inflation - the increase in the prices of construction materials, (5) labor, machinery, materials cost estimation mistakes by lack of detail examining, far from reality, confused, shortsighted estimates. It is remarkable that, the first three factors which are leading loss of profit, main contractor based. In addition, each factors’ severity index were calculated. 11 of the factors which taken into account when the companies preparing their target profit were calculated “severely considered factor” and the others were calculated “somewhat severely considered factor”. It seems that, every factors is leastest taken into account “lightly severe” when estimating the target profit. Besides, extremely severe leading factor is design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes. Also, 11 of the factors are decreasing the profit very severely. Unfortunately, none of the factors are taken into account very severely when estimating the target profit. Also, in the fourth part, deviations were calculated between each factors’ taking into account values and effect values to realized profit. The highest deviations were found for (1) design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes, (2) incorrect producing and returns because of main contractor s oral demands ones are outside the scope of the contract, (3) other subcontractors based damages and returns on the productions, (4) informal expenses and briberies, (5) higher labour and machine rates for rework and repair, and testing because of quality problems. From now, company owners and tender and bid process responsible have to pay more attention on these factors. Finally, the summary, major findings, interpretations about the conclusions and recommendations take part in the last part of the study.
Construction sector consists of public and private corporations which contribute to produce of constructions in many way. It has an enormous strength with the sectors which are affected from construction sector. This sector does not only assist the country’s economy, but also plays a major role for inhibition of immigration, rising the civilization and life standards. Construction sector has been growing rapidly in Turkiye and new companies are setting up at an increasing rate. It is on the key position for Turkish economy. This situation creates an enormous courage for conducting the researches on construction companies’ problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors causing loss of profit for micro-sized construction companies which work on general construction works in Turkiye. In this research, factors that cause loss of profit have been researched to understand how much importance are given by the companies to each factor while the companies prepare their target profit and effects on real profit. In the first part of this study, basic informations was given about the research and the importance of construction sector for Turkiye. Also, the aim of this study and restrictions and subject determining methodology were explained in this part. The second part is a literature research about factors that were reviewed to identify the factors affecting the profit. In addition, other regional factors had been add as recommended by experts. These factors generates the survey’s questions. The 38 factors causing loss of profit were categorized on 11 basic project management processes and explained in details. Also, general information about types of construction companies such as companies’ size, types of construction projects and project management processes take part in this section. In the third part of this study, design of questionnaire was explained in generally. Also, informations were given about survey, implementation of the survey methods, survey’s reliability, preparation of questions and statistical informations. Informations were given about the number of people attended the survey, sampling, scoring and data analysis methods in this part. The reliability of this survey is 89% by the Slovin Formula. Quota sampling was used as sampling method and totally 136 questionnaires were distributed as follows: 66 with e-mail, 70 with site visitings. 78 questionnaires were received (57%) as follows: 8 (10%) from owners, 70 (90%). For the scoring the each question after 17th, the respondents have five options. These are “extremely severe”, “very severe”, “severe”, “somewhat severe” and “not severe”. These options express the severity of the factors. In the forth part, the rankings, statistical analysis, results and major findings were explained. The datas were shown with tables, charts, graphs and percentile diagrams about respondent people and companies. Comparisons and evaluations were made on this results. Between the 78 respondents, 54% are bachelor s degree, 24% are masters degree, 22% are primary school and high school graduate. 25% of respondents are in 22-30, 23% are in 41-45 age group. Respondents’ 23% are 11-15, 19% are 1-5 years experienced in construction sector. 49% of respondents are company owner/partner, 46% are project manager/site chief, 5% are other personnel. %55 of respondents are working for 1-5 years in their companies. 32% of companies 6-10, 25% of companies has activities for 11-15 years in construction sector. Companies mostly specialized on residential structures and leastest specialized on infrastructure and transportation structures. According to survey, in the micro-sized and general construction companies in Turkiye, the project management processes are managed by company owner/partner or project manager/site chief. Tender and bid management, contract management, time management, cost management processes are generally managed by company owner/partner. On the other hand, quality management, communication and document management, health safety and environment management, human resources management, purchasing management, scope management, risk management processes are generally managed by project manager/site chief. As it is seen in the results, the processes which are about money, managing by company owner/partner. Otherwise, the processes which are about site works and other relations, are managed by project manager/site chief. Technical staff and counsellor employing aren’t preferred for managing the processes. Accordingly it is inevitable that, some problems will appear in process managements because of lack of experience, oversights and excessive workloads. According to survey, companies’ target profit rate is usually between 16-20% and 11-15% interval. Eventually at the final of projects, they have 6-10% and 1-5% profit rate generally. When we are looking at the avarage rate of target profit and realized profit, there is a 10% difference between two of them. Companies target profit rate was 36-40% max., 6-10% min. Their real pofit was 21-25% max and some companies lost money. 34% of respondents target profit was 16-20%, 30% are 11-15%, 13% are 21-25%. 42% of respondents had 6-10% profit, 34% are 1-5%, 13% are 16-20%. Also, in this part, the results were taken about how much importance is given by the companies for each factor when the companies preparing their target profit and the factors affect levels on real profit. Rankings were made with the results about factors leading loss of profit. The factors which are taken into account mostly when estimating target profit are (1) labor, machinery, materials cost estimation mistakes caused by lack of detail examining, far from reality, confused, shortsighted estimates, (2) delay in progress payment from the main contractor, (3) inflation - the increase in the prices of construction materials, (4) disadvantages in the field and climatic conditions, (5) site delivery delays by the main contractor. On the other hand, the factors which cause loss of profit are (1) design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes, (2) delay in progress payment from the main contractor, (3) incorrect producing and returns because of main contractor s oral demands ones are outside the scope of the contract, (4) inflation - the increase in the prices of construction materials, (5) labor, machinery, materials cost estimation mistakes by lack of detail examining, far from reality, confused, shortsighted estimates. It is remarkable that, the first three factors which are leading loss of profit, main contractor based. In addition, each factors’ severity index were calculated. 11 of the factors which taken into account when the companies preparing their target profit were calculated “severely considered factor” and the others were calculated “somewhat severely considered factor”. It seems that, every factors is leastest taken into account “lightly severe” when estimating the target profit. Besides, extremely severe leading factor is design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes. Also, 11 of the factors are decreasing the profit very severely. Unfortunately, none of the factors are taken into account very severely when estimating the target profit. Also, in the fourth part, deviations were calculated between each factors’ taking into account values and effect values to realized profit. The highest deviations were found for (1) design problems because of incorrect design, frequent design changes and the delay in approval of changes, (2) incorrect producing and returns because of main contractor s oral demands ones are outside the scope of the contract, (3) other subcontractors based damages and returns on the productions, (4) informal expenses and briberies, (5) higher labour and machine rates for rework and repair, and testing because of quality problems. From now, company owners and tender and bid process responsible have to pay more attention on these factors. Finally, the summary, major findings, interpretations about the conclusions and recommendations take part in the last part of the study.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014
Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2014
Anahtar kelimeler
Yapı,
Proje,
Yönetim,
Süreç,
İnşaat,
İşletme,
Kar,
Kayıp,
Zarar,
Sebep,
Construction,
Project,
Management,
Process,
Profit,
Loss,
Factor