Mimarlık ve algılama : özne-nesne diyalektiğine analitik bir yaklaşım

Abstract

Bu tez; mimarlık eğitimimi tamamladıktan sonra, bir çok konuda kendimi sogulamamla duymuş olduğum kaygılardan kaynaklanarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu kaygılar, 'mimari yapıt'ın doğru bir şekilde anlaşılıp anlaşılamadığı konusu üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Amaç, mimarlığın anlaşılabilmesi için teorik öğrenmenin yanında pratik öğrenmenin de gerekli olduğunu ve bu öğrenmelerin birbirlerini destekledikleri sürece güçlü bir etki yaratabileceklerini göstermektir. Çünkü, mimari bütün için gerekli olan görsel-duyuşsal-düşünsel alandaki gelişmeler birbirlerini etkileyerek ilerlemelerini devam ettirmektedirler. Bir şekilde elde etmiş olduğumuz bilginin tasarıma dönüştürülmesinin hangi evrelerden geçerek olacağı ve tasarımda izlenecek sabit bir yolun olup olmadığı konusunda karşımıza çıkan sorunların çözümlenebilmesi öncelikle mimari bütünün tam olarak kavranması ile mümkündür. Mimari bütünün kavranması terimi ile ifade edilmek istenen; algılama-anlama ve yorum yapma olgularının olutumuş olduğu kurgunun anlaşılabilmesidir. Bu kurgunun anlaşılabilmesi de özne ve nesne ilişkilerinin diyalektik bir bakış açısı ile ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Özne ve nesnenin anlaşılabilmesi; oluşturmuş oldukları problem alanlarının açığa çıkarılması ve incelenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Çözüm bekleyen bu problemlere Psikoloji, Sosyoloji, Antropoloji ve Felsefenin de katkıda bulunarak; mimarlığı evrensel yönünü ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu sebeplerden dolayı mimari bütünde evrensel boyutlar da ele alınarak, mimarinin bakış açısı genişletilmektedir. Özne-nesne, teori-pratik, düşünce-duygu karşıt kavramları içerisinde mimari bütünü irdelemek, mimari bakış açısının gelişmesine zemin oluşturacaktır. Amaç; bir düşünceyi diğerine üstün kılmadan, diyalektik yaklaşım içerisinde, birbirinin karşıtı olan kavranılan vererek açıklamalarımızı yapmaktır. Tez içerisinde; gerek tek tek verilmeye çalışılan kavramlar gerekse bu kavramlardan oluşan bütün içerisinde; düşünsel yönden açıklamaların yapılıp, yaratıcı düzeyde ürünlerin verilmesi esas yöntem olarak kullanılmaktadır.

An Analytical Approach to the dialectics of Subject-Object After finishing my architectural education, by questioning myself in several subjects about architecture, I have started to feel some anxiety about my profession. As a result of this anxiety, I have decided to prepare this thesis. This anxiety mainly concentrates on the problem that whether architectural structures are being properly conceived or not. The objective of my thesis to show that theoretic learning must be supported by practicable learning in order for functions of architecture to become more clear. Moreover, unless there is no interaction between the two, while supporting each other, it is not possible to create an effective learning of the subject. This hypothesis is reasonable if we think that the developments in visual-emotional-ideal fields, which are necessary for architectural integrity, are continuing to grow by affecting one another. It is always confusing to almost all of us to choose the criteria that are important in comprehending and interpreting an architectural work. Furthermore, it is not possible to get certain results from selected criteria. If we look at the interpretations that are made in the past about architectural works, in which one era is evaluated as more superior than the other according to this era's social and economical conditions, they are always made without any consideration of relationship between theory and practice. At present conditions, while making interpretations about architectural works, people are trying to create relationship between theory and practice by giving importance to the subject, that is both affecting its environment and being affected from its environment, beside object. When converting knowledge that is somehow obtained into a project, we are mainly facing with two problems: Which phases are we supposed to follow? Whether there is certain a certain procedure to pursue when making this conversion? Overcoming these problems that are being faced is possible by firstly "conceiving architectural integrity." What is meant by the phrase "conceiving architectural integrity" is the ability to understand the concept that is composed of three facts: perception- comprehension and interpreting. If one wants to understand this concept, he or she must handle the subject-object relationship from dialectics' points of view. Understanding the concepts of subject and object makes it possible to reveal and to examine the problems that are created by them. IX All such problems that are waiting for solutions discover the universal aspect of architecture by contributions of Sociology, Anthropology, and Philosophy. As a result of this, architectural point of view is being enlarged by handling universal dimensions in the architectural integrity. By considering architectural integrity in such contrary concepts as object-subject, theory-practice, thought-emotion we can prepare ground for the development of architectural point of that is previously mentioned. The objective here is to make our explanations in the progression of this thesis by giving the contrary concepts of one another. Furthermore, we must do this by not giving more superiority to one thought than the other and our intended approach must be a dialectical approach. The aim of both the separate concepts that are tried to be given and the entire meaning composed of these separate concepts in this thesis is that: firstly making explanations with regard to ideational respect and then taking the making of creative products as principal method. If we define architecture in a general sense as the art of shaping life, the essential thing to do is to let human life to reach more plentifulnes and beauty. This concept is related to the ability of explaining architecture as much as the ability of understanding it with such property, architecture gins a universal dimension. Because of such universal aspect of architecture, it is possible to evaluate it in the light of every kind of theories related to life and philosophy. Architecture, as a discipline that continues to develop parallel to way of life, can come to an impasse if it do not establish relations with other disciplines. With a proper understanding of philosophical approaches related to life, it will be possible for new horizons to born. In addition to this, the applications that are to be done in practice will be put in a strong ground. The aim of this study is to emphasize the importance of relationship between theory and practice, their positions according to each other and what kind of effects are exist in architecture in connection with the relationship between theory and practice. In architectural applications, it is necessary to think theory and practice are not two separate concepts. This means that practice must be created from theory, and starting from practice problem areas must be solved in theoretical base. Theory must have the ability to give a promising future to practice. Establishing such a balance will be important to understand the architectural integrity. However it is not possible to make attach directed to future unless a base form ideational point of view and needed information from theoretical field is not prepared. If we take these thoughts that are explained above, as our reference, architecture could not be thought by separating it form life and human-shows its social structure and experience. As a result of this, architecture must not be thought as if it were a separate concept from nature and human. Contrary to this, architecture must be put into application as a means of expressing human and nature. Using architecture in order to make the life of people to reach the most comfortable level will provide living an easy life for humans. In addition to this, usage of architecture in such a way will also provide human to reach their desired target. By considering the fact that architecture originates from the real life and can not be isolated from the condition of that life, we can realize the necessity for emphasizing the place of architecture in history. "Life style" concept in architecture is important because of its place in historical manner. The structures that are made according to a specific concepts carry both esthetician and functional worries. These worries, by passing the through the thought system of designer and by being converted into perceptable values, become representative realities. In architectural language, there are some expressions which reflect value judgments of humans that is created and developed as a result of perception of reality. The integrity created by architectural language can be accepted as an indicator of life. Intelligibility of this integrity by a person will depend on the perception of this person -so the accumulation which stems from this person's life. Since perception is a changeable concept from one person to the other it can occur in different forms. In order for occurrence of understanding and interpretation the first step is perception. Also the factors that come from the subject-object relation is very effective element in formation of perception. Furthermore we will be able to approach the problem from its base by investigating the occurrence of understanding and interpretation in relation with the factors that come from the subject-object relation. It is possible to catch two separation points about what impressing oneself in architectural terms may be based on. First point is; to leave the viewer free to himself approving that what the building itself wants to say is the freedom of subject. The second point is; to lead to the viewer to mix what he wants to percept by his own experience, and life by what the subject wants to express. That is; what is expressed will mix whit what is said and there will be a more developed philosophy. What will come to surface here is new philosophy that is the union of both what is expressed and what is said. The additions made to what is understood by the feed-back method will either be positive or lessen what is present while overcoming them. Talking about this point of how the memory's properties effect the understanding of these properties, the human memory's to be of help to perception will be realized as well. If elements, that form the style can not find a way to express themselves, they will not be able to mean something. What is important is our impressions' coming out and doing this believe in the power of creativity. In the introduction part of this thesis, the questions, that are felt as a result of my anxiety that is mentioned above, are given. Moreover, what dialectical point of view is and how these previously mentioned questions can be handled with respect to dialectical point of view will be tried to be explained. The reason for such a need of XI explaining these questions arise from the belief that we can move one step further in reaching our intended solution by understanding these mentioned questions. In the second part; what perception concept is, from what factors perception can be affected, the problem areas that are faced in explaining and conceiving this perception concept and with this regard what kind of way is to be pursued to reach a solution will be tried to be examined. All these problem areas and perception theories will be examined in connection with object-subject relationship. As a result of this part, the things that are anticipated are these: Selective perception that originates from subject occurs as a result of characteristics of object and in order for occurrence of objective reality it is necessary to remove the boundary between object and subject. In the third part of this thesis, artist-work relation that constructs the architectural integrity is tried to be explained by the object-subject relation. This idea is tried to be given by transferring the more general term, object-subject relation, to more specific term, artist-work relation. How object and subject are affected by architectural environment and how these two perceive architectural environment and how these taken actions by subject and object are reflected as reactions to its architectural environment are also interests of this part. By doing so both ideational and emotional clarity are tried to be gained to architectural language. Subject-object, thought- emotion, theory-practice, general-particular, are the concepts that we mostly encounter with them in "perception", are examined in dialectical thought system. In the fourth part of this thesis, understanding and interpreting effectiveness, which is thought as a step for humans who are in search of finding himself or herself in object, is studied with respect to its relation with architectural integrity. By doing so, a perceptible value is tried to be gained to the relationship between theory and practice. The occurrence of understanding and interpreting within a procedure, and the realization of this procedure historically is also pointed in this part. The concept of being historical is examined by placing it into the Dithey's theory-history contrariety. The contributions of thoughts of Dilthey, Heidegger and Gadamer in theoretic field related to the interpretation doctrine are tried to be explaned. In the fifth part, the works of Palladio, Le Corbusier and Venturi, who reflect three different periods, are tried to be investigated from both theoretical and practical point of views. These three works are explained theoretically and then they are handled practically with an analytical approach. Eventually, in the conclusion part, these three different periods, mentioned in the previous paragraph, and the natures of these three periods' architects are examined with an analytical approach according to a conceptual structure. This research can be interpreted as both the evaluation of the resultant product reached as a result of this study and an effort for converting the theoretical explanations that are made up to now into practice. The organization of environmental position which is used as criterion in the evaluation of architectural integrity, massive movement and elevation compositions are tried to be studied in conjunction with the values directed to subject (balance, rhythm, variety in unity) and object (symmetry, proportion relations, continuity, form-ground relations, and etc.) with a visual expression language. xii We, as humans, may also encounter such contradictions that are mentioned up to now in every part of our lives. Thus, balanced concurrence of these contrasts supports our understanding by the method of thesis-antithesis-synthesis. As a result of this, understanding and contradiction will continue to develop as an always improving spiral circle. This situation that is being tried to be explained according to dialectical approach will lead us to solutions in variety of matters in our daily lives. Do you think that it is reasonable to limit humans, events, nature and world by putting them into specific forms? Such kind of approach will most probably put humans' nature away from creativity. Because of this reality, a value based upon the common point between freedom and boundaries must be tried to be reached.