Türkiye'de 1985-1990 dönemi yüksek bina projeleri

Abstract

Türkiye’de yüksek binalar 40 yıldan beri yapılmakla beraber, son on yıl içinde taleplerinin arttığı görülmektedir. Günümüzde yüksek binaların kazandığı önemi gelecektede devam edeceği hatta artacağı düşünülmektedir.Son yıllarda Türkiye'de projelendirilen ve insa edilen yüksek bina örneklerinin henüz toplu bir şekilde yayınlanmadığı görülmektedir. örneklerin pek azı mimarlık dergilerinde yer almı s ve büyük bir kısmı ise yayın1 anmamı s11r.Bu tez yüksek binalar konusunda sistemli araştırma sonucu elde edilen bilgilerin ve bunlara dayanan eleştiri ve değerlendirmelerin ileride yapılacak çelışmalarda yararlı olacağı düşüncesiyle hazırlanmıştır.Bu çalışmamın 1. bölümünde konunun seçilme sebepleri açıklandıktan sonra, yüksek binalarla ilgili deyimler ve çeşitli görüş açılarına dayanan tanımlar irdelenmiştir. îkinci bölümde, Türkiye’de son yıllarda projelendirilen yüksek bina olayını anlamak ve yorumlamak için gerekli görülen, bu bina tipinin dünyada ortaya çıkış sebepleri ve gelişmesi ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra Türkiye’deki gelişimi ve son yıllarda görülen büyük isteğin sebepleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde, yüksek binalar fonksiyon, plan ve tertip, çevresel ilişkiler taşıyıcı sistem, yangın önlemleri, düşey sirkülasyon sistemi ve dıs kabuk sistemi bakımından irdelenerek, başlıca problemler saptanmaya çalışılmıştır.Dördüncü bölümde Türkiye’de 1985-1990 döneminde tasarlanan ve 75 adet yüksek blok içeren 45 projeden seçilen 33 örnek, bunların mimarları ve yapımcı yetkilileri ziyaret edilerek sistemli bir soru listesi yardımı ile sağlanan bilgiler doğrultusunda değerlendirilmiştir. Besinci bölümde çalışmanın sonuçları açıklanmıştır.

High-rise buildings have a significant place in building typology and a certain importance in architectural design practice. Contemporary examples of this type have been built in Turkey since 1950’ies and in recent years a considerable rise of demand, can be observed in large Turkish cities.There is no publication in Turkey on recent developments of high-rise buildings. In this thesis important examples of high rise building in Turkey since 1985, are presented and discussed in a systematic way. For each example, information regarding the function of building, the reasons of rising high, arrangements of plans and sections, characteristics of structural and fire precuations systems, types of building envelope and . problems related with the realization of the project were obtained. The purpose of the study is to be useful for future design practice by providing information which were based on review and assessment of the data obtained. The first part of the thesis is devoted to explain the purpose and method of the study and to discuss different definitions of high-rise buildings from various points of view.In the second part, the apparance and development of high- rise buildings in the world are explained and the reasons of recent expansion of demand is discussed.The 12-story "Home Insurance Buildings (Architects William Le Baron Jenney) constructed between 1883-1886 in Chicago was accepted to be the first skyscraper.The high-rise buildings developed rapidly in USA, but did not spread to other countries for a long period. Examples of this type of building appeared in Europe, Far—East, Middle and South America begining from 1950’ies and this movement accelerated.The 13 buildings covered by the list of 100 tallest buildings of the world, which was published by "The Council On Tall Building and Urban Habitat", are in the Far -East region comprising tiny countries such as Singapore and Hong Kong. There are only 2 buildings -from Europe in this list. According to the data published by The Council on Tall Building and Urban Habitat in 1980, there are 3492 high-rise buildings in the world., and 1701 of them are in North America. Europe has 680 and Far-East has 425 high-rise buildings.The highest building of the world is the i 10'story "Sears Tower" (Skidmore., Qwings and Merili)completed in 1974 in Chicago. The highest building outside o-f USA is the 72- story (368 m. ) "Bank of China" (L.M. Pei) completed in 1989.The accepted -form o-f the American Skyscraper consisted o-f base, shaft and capital elements until the II. World War. From 1950’ies, a new prototype of skyscraper design was appeared as prisms in the same geometrical form, from base to roof. Begining from 1960'ies, the prism was abandoned and search for new forms gained momentum. Between 1970" 1990 the high-rise buildings were designed considering points of social benefit and prestige and with purpose of improving their contrubutions to city life. Between 1980 and 1990 some projects which were designed by using limited heights proved to be succesful commercially and socially. In this period the form of base, shaft and capital have reappeared. Some of the examples have ornamented facades, even historical styles have been revitalized by using modern material.The skyscraper idiom has enetered in Turkish Language by way of encyclopedia translations and as a real building, the 24-story "Emek î$ Hanı" (Enver Tokay) at Kızılay of which the construction began in 1957 in Ankara, was named as skyscraper by the public.In Turkey the high-rise buildings appeared in Istanbul and Ankara begining from 1950"ies. The first high-rise buildings , in a modern sense, in Turkey is 13-story "Ulus İS Hanı" (Orhan Bozkurt, Gazanfer Beken, Orhan Balak) at Ulus Meydanı of Ankara, completed in 1959.In Turkey, between 1950-1985, 15 high-rise hotel, offices, student hostels and housing buildings reaching to 30 stories were constructed. The 28-story "Hacı Ömer Sabancı Kız öğrenci Yurdu" (Tamay Sütmen and Yılmaz Koçak) completed in 1984 in Ankara is the highest building constructed in this period. The demand for high-rise buildings in Turkey have increased since 1985, and this type of building have began to spread into different regions o-f Turkey. High-rise buildings are currently under construction not only in Istanbul and Ankara but also in large cities such as Mersin, Antalya, Izmir and Konya. Between 1985 and 1990, 45 projects for high-rise buildings between 20-50 stories were prepared in these cities -for dif-ferent purposes.In these projects, there are 75 high blocks. In this study 33 projects are taken as examples which have a sum o-f G2 blocks, between 20-50 stories.The high-rise building projects o-f 1985-1990 period were prepared as multi-purpose settlements generally including dif-ferent building types. These settlements were legally named as "Touristic Centers" and include in dif-ferent numbers of high-rise block. In these projects hotels, offices and sometimes elwelling blocks were arranged to form compositions containing masses of different heights. The number of high blocks in each project changes between 1 and 8 and they comprise different building types.“Sisli Kültür ve Ticaret Merkezi" (Minouru Yamasaki) planned as the biggest business and commerce center in Turkey and in The Middle East. In this project there are five 17-story office blocks, one 36-story office block, one 51-story office block and one 42-story hotel block."Mersin Ticaret Merkezi-MERTîM" (Cengiz Bektas) which currently in the phase of construction, is the highest building in Turkey. The rising block of the building was planned as hotel and office, and the base part is a shopping center with multi-purpose spaces which are open to public.Between 1985 and 1990 a project which includes skyscraper type appartments was prepared. "Dikmen Vadisi Kültür Sitesi" (M. Doruk F'amir) covers 2 housing blocks which have 34-stories. This project also contain two 19-story offices and between the high blocks there is a 4-story cultural center under ground. Between 1985 and 1990, parallel to increase in the height of buildings, differenciation of form of the block and plan geometries have also appeared. There are two main plan schemes according to arrengement of the vertical circulation and services core; either in the center or on the outer «ide o-f the block. The plan geometries o-f some buildings are squares or rectangles. But in the majority o-f the projects, rectangles with broken corners, circles, curved -forms were used to eliminate monotony. For example "Taksim Büyük Sürmeli Park Oteli" (Serdar Sipahioglu) which is under contruction in Sümüssuyu section of Istanbul, has two 32-story and one 42-stpry hotel blocks in the -form o-f circles. The -floor plans o-f the 18-story "Conrad Hotel" (W.B.Tabler) which is under contruction in Beşiktaş section of Istanbul, are curvelinear. The geometrical form of the floor plan of "Türkiye Sise Cam Fabrikaları A.S* Binası" (Doğan Tekeli and Sami Sisa" which has two 47-story office blocks, is octagonal. In some of the examples, prismatic form is broken by set­backs, and in this way buildings have visual effects to their' environments. "Sabancı Center" (Ayhan Böke and Haluk Tümay) which is under contruction in Levent section of İstanbul, consisting of one 39-story and one 34-story office blocks, can be shown as an example. The tops of some buildings are covered with sky lattices for the purpose of stressing the vertical effect. The 44-story "Taksim Ticaret ve Turizm Merkez i-TUTÎM" (M.Doruk Pamir, Ercüment Gümrük), which is under construction in Gümüşsüyü region of İstanbul having offices and hotel functions is an example for this element of design.In the third part of the thesis, the problems of high-rise buildings related with functions, floor plans and vertical arrangements, relations with environment, systems of structure, vertical circulation, fire precuation and building envelope were explained and discussed with the purpose of establishing necessary bases to assess Turkish examples. Generally, projects such as offices, shopping centers, appartments, hotels, factories, schools, hospitals, student hostels, terminals, garages and the mixed developments may contain high-rise blacks. For the high-rise blocks, three main plan schemes are widely used: central type in which circulation and service cores are in the middle of the plansş longitudinal plans in which the circulation cores are not in the centre, but near the edges; and the type in which the circulation cores are organised in various different manners.In general, high-rise buildings are later additions to the existing infrastructure and traffic system and building order of previously planned cities and therefore have influences effecting physical environment. Structural system of a high-rise building determined by materials (Steel or reinforced concrete) used, by number of stories by architectural plans and by purpose of building. Precautions againts fire danger can be divisded into four main parts: prevention of fire danger and fire beginning, prevention of fire expansion, detection of fire, evacuation of occupants and extinguishing the fire. The function of the building is the most important factor in decisions regarding vertical circulation systems and their elements. There are differences between entry-exist and vertical transportation problems of multi-story offices, hotels and apartment buildings. Most important factors effecting building envelope of a high-rise building are wind pressur'e, temperature differences, noise, condensation and rain.In the fourth part of the thesis 33 examples selected from 45 projects which were prepared between 1985-1990 in Turkey and included 75 high-rise blocks, were evaluated based on the information obtained by using a systematic questionnaire. Ail of the architects of the projects and some of the managers of construction firms were visited. In this part, the examples of the high-rise buildings in Turkey were explained and discussed on account of their locations, progress of their realisations, their functions, thier relations with environment, their floor plans and their systems of construction.Of these 33 high-rise building examples, 9 project are in use now, 14 projects under construction, 4 projects are in the phase of planing and revisions and 2 projects are in phase of preparations. Besides, 2 projects have not yet obtained building permits from municipalities, 1 project was cancelled by the proprietor firm and 1 project is brought to law-court due to a disagreement between the proprietor and the construction firm. Of the 33 examples, 25 projects are in Istanbul, 5 projects are in Ankara, 2 projects in Mersin, 1 project is in Konya. The goverment declared some places as "Tourism and Trade Regions" in cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin, Antalya by a law related with tourism which was passed on March 12.1982. Most of the high-rise buildings are considered as "Tourism and Trade Centers" to benefit from provisions of the law. These centers usually contain hotel and office blocks with shopping centers. High-rise housing blocks were planned in new housing developments out of the city centers. Some of the high- rise hotels are in the natural sites which are outside of the cities. The 25-story "Grand Prestij Hotel" (Servet Varol) which is planned to be constructed in Tarabya section of Istanbul is an example. According to functions, 33 building projects cam be classified as 34 offices, 18 hotels, 7 public administration and 7 housing projects. The reasons of planing high-rise buildings are different. In most of the cases building programmes are extensive againts the limited area of land in the cental areas of the cities. Therefore, the demands of developments on expensive sites gave rise to vertical planning. High rise hotels were designed to increase room numbers and to have better wiews. The purpose of high-rise housing block is to increase green area between buildings. Some commercial projects were planned as high-rise building only for the purpose of prestige. In the high-rise buildings taken as examples, reinforces concrete is used exclusively expect one project. For the first time in Turkey, the structural system of 35-story hotel building "Net Hotel" (Ercüment Gümrük) was projected as a steel-frame. In reinforces-concrete buildings, frame type of structural system preffered mostly. For the blocks which have more than 40 stories, reinforce concrete shear-wal1 tube-in tube system is used in most of the cases. Structural system of high-rise housing block are either reinforced concrete frame, or reinforced concrete cross wall construction. Since there is no certain by-laws on fire precuation in Turkey, in mast of the projects, -fire regulations of other countries were observed. According to building by-law of Istanbul city, building over 20 stories must have 2 escape stairs. In 50 storied MERTtM project, two fire lifts were installed in addition to fire stairs. Sprinkler (pressured Water) systems, centeral fire alarm systems and smoke-sensitive dedectors were used in most of the proj ects.In the projects taken as examples, lifts were organised as 1-3 groups in the buildings up to 20 stories The speed of elevators are between 2.5-3.15 m/sec. The passenger capacity of the lifts are between 8 and 22 persons.In the high-rise buildings taken as examples, The most preferred system for facades is aluminum and reflective double glass curtain wall. In some of the projects, marble and sealant finished exposed concrete were also used. For wall—type facades, aluminum window with double glazing was used mostly.