Liman kentlerinin yenilenmesi

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Tarih
1997
Yazarlar
Eşkar, Funda
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
Son zamanlarda, liman şehirlerinde sahil planlamasına geniş çapta önem verilmektedir. Bunun nedeni, limanlar ile şehirler arasındaki ilişkinin anlam ve karakterinin zamana bağlı olarak değişmesidir. Deniz ulaşımındaki teknolojik gelişmelerden dolayı liman işlevinin şehirden soyutlanması, liman açısından önemini yitiren sahil kısmına yeni işlev getirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Böylelikle pek çok şehir, denizcilik endüstrisindeki teknolojik gelişmeler nedeniyle artık kullanılmayan eski liman tesislerine yeni işlevler vermektedir. Limanın şehirden uzaklaşması dünyada geniş çapta izlenen bir özelliktir. Bu tür gelişmenin nedenleri kısaca şöyle özetlenebilir: 1. Denizcilik teknolojisinin gelişmesi, yani çok büyük yük parsellerinin boşaltılması yöntemleri, 2. Limana bağımlı sanayiler için geniş arazi sağlayabilmek üzere büyük, modern limanlara duyulan gereksinme, 3. Limana bağlı işgücünün azalması, 4. Limana bağlı sanayi için gerekli çevre koruma önlemleri. Bu teknolojik, mekansal, sosyo-ekonomik ve çevresel nedenler, geleneksel deniz sahilinin avantajlarını azaltmaktadır. Limana dayalı yeni sanayi alanları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Liman işlevleri şehirden uzaklaştıkça, daha önce liman için çok önemli olan, depolama ve ulaşım tesisleri gereksiz olmakta ve terk edilmektedir. Şehir merkezine yakın olan bu boş alanlara yeni kullanım getirilmesi sorun olmaktadır. Her ne kadar, liman şehrinin değişimi genel olarak teknolojik gelişmelerin bir ürünüyse de planlama üzerindeki baskı, sosyal ve politik olduğu için sosyal ya da politik çözümlerin bulunması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca, tarihi liman etkinliklerinin boşalttığı alanlardaki ekonomik potansiyelin tam anlamda değerlendirilerek, bu alanların ekonomik canlılığına kavuşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul'un, sahillerinin yeniden değerlendirilmesi için yapılan öneriler incelenmiştir.
In recent years, waterfront planning becomes Important in port cities. The reason is the changing meaning and character of the relationship between ports and cities. Because of the technologic developments in the sea transportation, port activity is going far away from the city. So giving new functions to the waterfront which lost its importance for the port, is becoming necessary. Because of this, many cities are now giving new functions to the old port facilities which are not being used because of the technological developments in maritime industry. This waterfront redevelopment projects were the most dominant projects of physical planning and urban redevelopment in 1970'sand1980's. The relation between the port and the city came to day after 5 stages: 1. Firstly the port and the city were very close to each other and had closer relationship. 2. In 19th century, the relationship between the port and the city became loser because of the technological developments. Industry began to develop and Europe began to develop in economy and politics. 3. In modern, industrial port city, port began to seperate from the city because of the spatial reasons. The industry that needed more area and the usage of container technology was the result. 4. The redevelopment of the industry about shipping caused cities seperate from waterfront. 5. In port cities there became a problem of giving new functions to the waterfront areas, left by the port facilities. Three driving forces which play an important role in the urban development are; port-city direct linkages, the indirect effect of ports on port-cities and the self- growing processes of port-cities. The analysis also indicates that there are distinctly different periods in the movements of the driving forces combination. Because of the evolution of the driving forces combination, the developing processes of the urban economies appear to be composed of three stages; stages of the primary commercial economy, the port-industrial economy and the comprehensive economy. Now, the linkages of ports and port-cities are weak. Most of the port-cities have entered the developing stage of the comprehensive economy, but others still remain in old stages. The differences among port-cities resulted mainly from the differences of the sizes and functions among different ports. However, other factors such as economy of hinterland areas, the industrial level of the country and the developing policies about port and port-cities, also have influence on it. As we examine the development of the port cities, we can see that the richness of the city is coming from the activities of its port. The balance between the port activity and the city development has been changed in various regions. Because of this, the relations that has been observed between port and the city has an economic and political importance. Transportation economy is one of the most important factors in country's economic development. Maritime transportation, carries the biggest part of the world commerce volume because of its large carrying capacity and cheapness. As we think about the importance of maritime transportation, it's clear to see that port's productivity is very important for the world's economic development. The high costs of ships and port facilities in port design results with the dense usage of both. But in a port, always full docks results with the large amount of ships waiting. So for the fast service of ships, the ports has been designed with a large capacity of docks and machines. By this way, the large area of the port seperated the city users from the sea and the waterfront which have a visual richness, placed behind the port. But in recent years, ports are locating their facilities outside the CBD. The reasons of this changes can be summarized like this: 1. The development of maritime technology. 2. The need for a modern port to provide large areas for industries related to port. 3. Decreasing amount of labour related to port. 4. Environment protection rules which is important for the industry related to port. These technological, spatial, socio-economic and environmental reasons, are decreasing the advantages of the traditional waterfront. As the port facilities go away from the city, storage and transport facilities which were very important for the port, became unimportant. So giving new functions to these empty areas is becoming a problem. In cities around the world, the redevelopment of old port sites has become a major focus of urban planning, comparable in scope and scale to the revitalization of CBD cores 10-20 years ago. The character and extent of waterfront redevelopment schemes vary considerably from port-city to port-city, but, whatever their form, the adjacent waterfront neighbourhoods are now being affected. Close to downtown cores, these areas are subject to speculation because of their proximity to the renovated dockland sites. The redevelopment is forcing port service industry firms to relocate, either because they cannot afford the high rents or because they are being excluded by zoning changes, there have been no comprehensive studies of the effects. For example, there are no detailed investigations of where the firms are relocating. Some tentative observations are that the smaller firms are either trying to survive by relocating in the same areas or are making a substantial shift to peripheral sites, sometimes closer to new port sites, or to airport locations when air freight constitutes part of a firm's activity. The larger firms are tending to move in one of two directions. Some are relocating to more prestigeous "uptown" locations, the office complexesof the CBD core. Others, however, are moving to newer suburban locations, frequently far removed from the docks and other shipping service locations. Over the last 30 years, the general service sectors of cities have experienced a number of significant structural and spatial changes and the shipping industry has been transformed by economies of scale. Although the port service industry is related to both, it has remained largely insulated from many of the changes occuring in each. CBDs have altered more rapidly than the port service industry over the last 30 years, and activities related to shipping, including manufacturing and cargo handling, have experienced more fundamental locational shifts than frie marine service sector. Recent evidence reveals that the port service industry is now changing. The changes are being precipitated by urban redevelopment projects that are transforming the traditional districts in which the industry tended to agglomerate. In some port cities, the urban renewal that is taking place is reaffirming the commercial character of the site. Old warehouses and office buildings are being replaced by hotel and office complexes. The new towers that have replaced the old buildings are beyond the financial means of most firms in the port service industry. In other port-cities, tourism and residential developments are affecting the traditional port service quarter. No matter if the port cities changed according to the technological developments, social and political solutions must be found because of the social and political pressure on planning. The potential economy of the areas which are left by the historical port facilities, must be well determined. The redevelopment agencies had to learn how to attract private investment, which came in waves depending upon the local real-estate market cycle. The politics of urban waterfront changed from building consensus in the start-up stage to managing political change over the long term. Planning and developing these waterfronts took a long time and was strongly affected by changes in the political and market environment. In this study port and port city generations and the technological and industrial developments that caused the renewal of port cities are examined. Also the study gives the examples of the port city redevelopment projects made in some cities all around the world, then the study gives knowladge about Turkey's experience and gives some advices about the redevelopment of Istanbul's ports.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 1997
Anahtar kelimeler
Kıyı alanları, Liman şehirleri, Limanlar, Coastal areas, Port cities, Ports
Alıntı