Konut yakın çevresi açık alanların değerlendirilmesi ve İstanbul'dan örnekler

Abstract

Kentsel alanda konut yakın çevresi açık alanların değerlendir ilmesi konulu bu araştırmanın ilk bölümünde, konu ve yapılan çalışmalar tanıtılmıştır. İkinci bölümde kentsel alan içinde yer alan açık alanların /ka yıp alanların tanımları yapılmıştır. En genel tanımı ile açık alanlar belli işlev ve fonksiyonlara sahip, insanla rı biraraya getiren ve olaylarla birbirine kaynaştıran alanlar olarak tanımlanabilir. Yapılan çeşitli tanımlamalardan sonra kentsel açık alanların tarihi gelişimi ve günümüzdeki anlamı ve kulla nımı irdelenmiş, 20. yüzyıldaki insanların ihtiyaç ve is teklerine bağlı olarak şekil alan kentsel açık alanlar sınıflandırılmış ve üstlendikleri işlevler sıralanmıştır. Araştırmanın üçüncü bölümünde çeşitli kriterlere bağ lı olarak yapılan kentsel açık alanların kademelenmesi ve her kademesinde yer alan etkinlik türleri açıklanmıştır. Yapılan kademelenmeye bağlı olarak meydanlar, sokaklar, trafiğe kapalı yaya yolları, çocuk oyun yerleri ve spor alanları ve sosyal özellikleri ile irdelenmiştir. Bölümün sonunda kentsel açık alan standartları ile Türkiye ve İstanbul'daki mevcut açık alan durumu değerlendirilerek açık alan ihtiyacı vurgulanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, planlı gelişen yerleşim alanların da konut yakın çevresinde düzenlenmiş açık alanların ye - terliliğinin ve kullanılabilirliğinin araştırılması amaç lanmış ve bu amaçla İstanbul kentsel alanı içinden seçilen Ataköy 9.10. mahalle, Göztepe Soyak Sitesi ve Emirgan İ. E. T. T. evleri yerleşmeleri incelenmiştir. Gözlem ve an ket yolu ile yapılan değerlendirmede, konut dışı açık alanların kullanımı ile kullanıcıların sosyal yapıları arasındaki ilişki, mevcut açık alanların kullanılabilirliği ve yeterliliği irdelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde ise yoğun olarak yapılanmış kentsel alanlardaki açık alan ihtiyacını belirlemek ve çözüm öne rileri geliştirebilmek amacıyla yine İstanbul içinden se çilen Beşiktaş Abbasağa, Kumkapı ve Kadıköy Yeldeğirmeni örnek alanlarında mevcut açık alan kullanımları değerlen dirilmiştir, örnek alanlarda yapılan değerlendirmede orta ya çıkan açık alan ihtiyacını bir Ölçüde karşılayabilmek üzere bir potansiyel olarak değerlendirilmesi önerilen ko nut arka bahçelerinin ortak kullanıma açılabilirli ği araş tırılmıştır. Kullanıcıların, arka bahçelerin ortak kullanıma açılması konusundaki görüş ve istekleri, konunun ya sal boyutu ile birlikte değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Araştırmanın son bölümünde 5. bölümde saptanan kulla nıcıların istekleri doğrultusunda ve alanların fiziksel dokuları da gözönünde bulundurularak, örnek alanlarda arka bahçelerin birleştirilerek ortak kullanıma açılmasını öne ren projeler geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

The subject of the present research is evaluation of open spaces in housing environment. The reason of choosing this subject is to determine the use of urban open spaces and need of open spaces by case studies from Istanbul. For this reason, the research include data about the uses and social characteristics of urban open spaces like squares, streets, pedestrian ways, playgrounds and etc. Also the research includes the usability and sufficiency of open spaces in the residential areas which are todays planned housing. An other goal is to find out the need of open spaces in the urban spaces and try to find out new ways for gaining new open spaces. In section two, the definitions about the subject are given. These are the urban open space and lost space definitions. Urban open space is an area where people get together with each other and take a part, in the social activities. These spaces are used by the groups of every ages, sexes, occupations and cultures. Lost space, generally have a negative effect to the environment and people and it is the area that needs replanning. After these definitions, the historical development of urban open space which starts from Greek period and reaches to 20th. century, is explained. In the 20th century urban open spaces are shaped by the needs of people and according to this, the urban spaces classifica tion is made and the functions are explained. ..In section three, urban open spaces are leveled upon various criteria. Activities belonging to each level differ from each other. According to this squares, streets, traffic-free pedestrian areas, playgrounds and sport fields are arranged. These urban spaces are studied in detail by their either physical or social characteristics. Here after the kinds of activities in urban open spaces, are explained as necassary activities, optional activities and social activities. At the end of section, by comparing the open space standarts per individual in same countries to Turkey and Istanbul, the need for open space is shown quantitatively. While the open space per individual in England is 52.5 m2, in Sweden is 56 m2 and, in Finland is 94.7 m2j this ratio in Kars is 0,6 m2, in K. Ereği is i is 1.8 m2, and in Istan bul it is 2.1 m2. In section four; open space arrangements, and necessities and usabilities of these open spaces in systematically developed housing areas are searched. "Ataköy 9.10. Mahalle", Göztepe Soyak Sitesi" and "Emirgan I.E. T. T. Evleri" are taken as case studies. In these areas, various surveys, observations and questionaire (11 questions) are made. In the questionaire the following topics are asked: - To what extent the open space proposed in the plan are used? - To what extent, the existing arranged open spaces are used? - What is the amount and number of needed spaces and equipments? - What are the preferred seasons and hours in using nearby open spaces? - What is the relationship between. the use of open spaces and the number of storeys of the building. According to this research "Ataköy 9.10. Mahalle" is found having the best open space arrangement and the sufficient amount of equipment. The open spaces in this residential area can be grouped as follows: - Playgrounds and chess fields, - Resting areas and walk ways, - Sports fields (tennis, basketball, football), - Parking, XI .. - Skating and cycling rinks. In Soyak Sitesi the open spaces listed above other than chess field and skating and cycling rinks are available but they are not sufficient qualitatively and quantitatively. In I.E.T.T. Evleri there are only a basketball field, parking lots and a playground. More parking lots and a swimming pool are found as necessities in these housing area. The use of open spaces in these areas differs according to the social characteristics of the habitants. Maintainance and repairing of the nearby open spaces are necessary. In order to provide continuity, legal arragements are needed and a management model must be developed. In section five; high density residential areas are researched in order to determine the open space need and posibilities to provide these open spaces. Therefore Beşiktaş-Abbasağa, Kumkapı, and Kadıköy-Yeldegirmeni residential areas which are taking place in the historical texture of Istanbul are studied. In these areas, various surveys observations and questionnaire (19 questions) are made. In the questionnaire the following topics are asked. - The current use of open spaces, - The needs and expectations of the habitants, - Proprietorship, - Car ownership, - Family sizes, - The willingness of uniting backyards in order to open it to common public use, - Activity and user preferences for the above mentioned common public spaces, - The amount of balconies and terraces, and their effects on open space use. The questions on proprietorship, car ownership and family sizes are asked in order to determine the social structure of the habitants. According to this research 60 % of habitants in Beşiktaş-Abbasağa 35 % in Kumkapi and 65 % in Kadıköy- Yeldeğirmeni agreed to unite backyards as common open public spaces. Playgrounds, seating places, and green areas are mostly preferred types of use. It is also seen xix that- balconies and terraces avoid the need for open spaces to a certain extent. It is also found out that streets are used as open spaces. The functions of the streets as open spaces are listed below: - Playgrounds for children, - Parking place, - Resting areas, and - Drying up the clothes. In accordance with these activities, people create convenient conditions and areas for their common open space needs. In the last section, it is shown that urban open spaces are not implemented according to the plans, and the continuity and maintainance of these urban open spaces must be made certain. The reasons behind the above mentionedconclusions about open spaces are determined as follows. 1. Wrong and incomplete open space concept and policy 2. Lack of development plans 3. Problems that are originated from reconstruction laws 4. The wrong policy and lack of organization of authorities. In the urban open spaces various kinds of activities are performed and these uses become the reason of rapid disconcertain. The kinds of open space disconcertain are: 1. Physical disconcertain 2. Functional disconcertain 3. Environmental disconcertain. All kinds of urban open spaces are controlled, maintained and coordinated by municipalities. On the Xlll other hand/ the habitants must own the open spaces near them and the measures should be taken that motivate the organization of people as well as participation oi them in decisions related to their environment. For making the arrangement and continuity of the urban open spaces, the laws about this subject must be found. In Turkey there are two laws about open spaces. One of them is Mass Housing Law with number 2985 and other is Reconstruction Law No: 3194. Especially in high density residential areas, the second law's 18th. article is used for gaining new open spaces. But these laws are only related to the arrangements of open spaces. These laws are not functional for maintainance and continuity of common public use areas. At the end of research, the proposal of uniting the backyards and opening it to common use is shown on the plans. This idea is improved in Beşiktaş-Abbasağa, Kumkapı and Kadıköy-Yeldegirmeni research areas. These projects are made, depending on the habitants needs and wishes and various surveys and observations.