Alçı köpürtme teknikleri
Alçı köpürtme teknikleri
Dosyalar
Tarih
1997
Yazarlar
Aslan, Basri
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
Bu çalışma; ülkemizde ham madde kaynağı bol miktarda bulunan, uygun üretim koşullan altında üretildiğinde, kaliteli bir yapı malzemesi olan alçıda, boşluklar, gözenekler oluşturarak, hafifletilmiş alçı ürünler elde etmeyi hedefleyen deneysel bir araştırmadır. Konuya ilişkin literatürler incelendiğinde, akışkan alçı hamurunda gözenek oluşturulmasına dayanan boşluklu alçı üretimi işleminin; alçı köpürtme olarak adlandırıldığı görülmektedir. Yapılan çalışmanın temel amacı; köpürtme tekniklerinin araştırılarak, laboratuvar koşullarında üretimi mümkün olanlarının seçilip, bu tekniklerle hazırlanan deney numunelerinin özelliklerim saptamak ve yapıda kullanım alanları üzerinde öneriler geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla yapılan çalışma beş bölüm halinde toplanmıştır. Birinci bölümde; alçıtaşının, ayrıştırma ( dehidratasyon ) süreci ve ülkemizde, Dünya' da yapı sektöründeki tüketimine yönelik bilgiler verilmiştir. Kalsiyum sülfat - su sisteminin fazlan ve yapıda kullanım yerleri ise ikinci bölümde anlatılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde alçı köpürtme üzerinde yapılan literatür araştırmaları sonucunda köpürtme teknikleri belirlenerek, labaratuvar koşullarında uygulanabilecek olan yöntemler seçilmiştir. Köpürtme yönteminde, reaksiyon sonucunda oluşan madde veya maddelerin, mümkün olduğunca kalsiyum sülfatın suda erimez türünden olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. Konu ile ilgili kaynaklar incelendiği zaman, köpürtmede iki temelde iki farklı metodun olduğu görülmüştür. Kimyasal katkı maddeleri ile alçı hamuru içerisinde gaz zerrecikleri oluşturarak gazlı ilkesini temel alan yöntem birinci metoddur. İç yüzey gerilmelerini azaltan katkı maddeleri eklenerek; çırpma, dövme yolu ile ıslak alçı hamuru içerisinde hava hapsetmeyi amaçlayan köpüklü alçı yöntemi ise ikinci yöntemdir. Gözenekli beton elde etme amacıyla, betona eklenen katkı maddeleri, gazlı alçı yönteminin benimsendiği köpürtme tekniklerinde de kullanılmaktadır. Köpüklü alçı metodunda ise sabunlar, yağ asitleri, sülfat ve sülfonat guruplarındaki yüzey aktif maddelerin katkı maddeleri olarak eklendiği görülmektedir. Deneysel Çalışmayı kapsayan dördücü bölümde öncelikle, karıştırma şekli, kalıba döküm şekli, köpük oluşum miktarı ve zamanı gibi köpük oluşumunu etkileyen ana kriterler ortaya konulmuştur. Buna göre, gazlı alçı ilkesiyle üretimde gözenek oluşumu için gerekli olan ve köpüklü alçı ilkesinde ise köpüğün çırpma işlemi ile oluşacağı işlenebilme süresini sağlayan; priz süreleri büyük önem taşır. Oluşan gazın atmosfer ortamına yayılarak kaybolmaması için viskozite artıncı katkı maddelerine ihitiyaç duyulmuştur. Seçilen her köpürtme yönteminde; köpük oluşumunun temel fonksiyonu olan priz süreleri, eklenen katkı maddesi oranlarına göre köpük oluşum miktarları ve köpük oluşumuna yardım eden viskozite artıncı madde yüzdeleri ön deney çalışmalarıyla saptanmıştır. Pilot deney çalışmalarında elde edilen veri tabanına dayanılarak, geciktirici - karma suyu - viskozite artıncı katkı maddelerinin farklı oranlarını içeren matrisler hazırlanmıştır. Üretilen deney numuneleri gözenek yapılan, yoğunlukları, ısı iletkenlikleri, buhar difuzyon direnç katsayıları; eklenen katkı maddeleri bağlamında irdelenmiştir. Beşinci bölümde; deneysel çalışmalarla elde edilen sonuçlara bağlı olarak, köpürtülmüş alçı ürünlerin yapıda kullanım yerleri ve faydalan açıklanmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre, gözenekli alçı ürünler duvar ve asma tavan malzemesi olarak kullanılabilir.
This study is an experimental one which production of porous gypsum is aimed by chancing its stucture into a porous structure. The gypsum of which raw material is widely found throughout Turkey becomes a quality construction material when produced under proper production conditions. When the literature concerning the subject is evaluated it can be revealed that the production of porous gypsum which highly depends on creations of pores in the fluid gypsum paste is named as gypsum foaming. The primary purpose of study conucted was to investigate foaming techniques as well as choosing the foaming techniques which might be available at the laboratory conditions and finding out of the properties of the samples and making offers for their area of use in the construction. Gypsum is light, flame proof and ambient humidty controlling meterial when compared with the other binding materials such as cement, lime and magnesite mortar. In addition to the foregoing performance advantages, the porous gypsum products which are produced by different foaming techniques reduce the loads on the structures as well as provide heat and sound insulation thanks to their xi porous structure. Indeed the higher the dead load on a structure, the larger are the sections of the structural componets and as a matter of fact oscillattions caused by horizontal loads such as earthquake are stronger. Considering all those physical properties, the construction materials industry in our country and an optimum performance as well. The study aiming to evaluate these issues is divided into five sections : SECTIONS ONE : Fundamental information concerning the dehydration proces of gypsum and its consumption in the construction industry in Turkey end in the world. SECTIONS TWO : Although the gypsum ' s general properties and behaviours do not differ so much from one kind to another, it depends on the raw gypsum from which it was produced as well as production techniques, this therefore causes the construction the constructions components that are produced using the gypsum to have a different physical and mechanical performance when compared to the use of another gypsum. The phases of calcium sulfate water systems and their field of utilization in a building are therefore given in section two. Xll SECTIONS THREE : This section evaluates gypsum foaming techniques in order to find out the methods that might be applicable at the laboratory conditions. During the foaming process, high imporance was given to the issue that the material or mareials produced by the reaction should be to the most possible extent a type of cacium sulfate which does not melt in water. When the literature concerning the issue were assesed it was found out that the foaming had two methods having different fundamental principles. First method has the objective of producing gaseous gypsum by forming gas particples in the gypsum paste by chemical gypsum additives. Second method is adding the additives to reduce internel surface tension and enclosing -air into the wet gypsum paste by striking and milling. In the foaming techniques in which gaseous gypsum method is adopted, additives are edded to concrete in order to foam the mixture. Suface active agents in saponificators, fatty acids, sulfates and sulfonates are added as additives in foamed gypsum method. SECTION FOUR : In this section where experimantal work was conducted, the primary criteria such as type of mixing, pouring into the mold, quantity and interval of foam production are included. Acording to those, setting interval is important for pore production in case of gaseous gypsum xiu and for the workability interval by which the foam shell be produced by milling in case of foamed gypsum. In order to prevent diffusion of the gas produced into the atmosphere, the additives which increase viscosity were needed. In each foaming method so elected, setting intervals which are fundamental phases of foam production, quantities of foam in proportion with the quantitiy of additives and percentages of the agents which increase viscosity to facilitate production of foam were obtained by previous experiments. Considering the database which were obtained during pilot sampling work, matrixes which include different ratios of viscosity increasing agents and retarder - water - are obtained. The pore structures, intensity, heat conductivity, vapor diffusion resistance coefficient of the samples produced by this way were assesed in consideration of the additives. The experimental study was based on obtaining samples with a lower steam diffusion resistance and coefficient of conductivity as well as higher mechanical strengt, spherical or near - spherical pores. As a material with a homogenous spherical pore structure will insulate heat better and have a greater mechanic strength. SECTION FIVE : Taking results of the experiments into account, this section gives the field of application and benefits of the foamed gypsum products in a building. The compressive strength of the gypsum samples produced as explained above are under the values which xiv they are supposed to be above by the standarts. However, this section also states that this disadvantage does not restrict use of the porous gypsum in construction industry. The primary object of the study is to find out whether or not gypsum foaming would be posibie and review the level of availability of foamed gypsum products in the building. The values obtained during the experiments by adopting gaseous and foamed gypsum show that the gypsum which is prodced by lowering th density of the gypsum might be used as wall blocks and hanged ceiling material. It is suggested that the density might be some how lowered by simulteneous trying of the methods which cause production of gas and foam in the gypsum.
This study is an experimental one which production of porous gypsum is aimed by chancing its stucture into a porous structure. The gypsum of which raw material is widely found throughout Turkey becomes a quality construction material when produced under proper production conditions. When the literature concerning the subject is evaluated it can be revealed that the production of porous gypsum which highly depends on creations of pores in the fluid gypsum paste is named as gypsum foaming. The primary purpose of study conucted was to investigate foaming techniques as well as choosing the foaming techniques which might be available at the laboratory conditions and finding out of the properties of the samples and making offers for their area of use in the construction. Gypsum is light, flame proof and ambient humidty controlling meterial when compared with the other binding materials such as cement, lime and magnesite mortar. In addition to the foregoing performance advantages, the porous gypsum products which are produced by different foaming techniques reduce the loads on the structures as well as provide heat and sound insulation thanks to their xi porous structure. Indeed the higher the dead load on a structure, the larger are the sections of the structural componets and as a matter of fact oscillattions caused by horizontal loads such as earthquake are stronger. Considering all those physical properties, the construction materials industry in our country and an optimum performance as well. The study aiming to evaluate these issues is divided into five sections : SECTIONS ONE : Fundamental information concerning the dehydration proces of gypsum and its consumption in the construction industry in Turkey end in the world. SECTIONS TWO : Although the gypsum ' s general properties and behaviours do not differ so much from one kind to another, it depends on the raw gypsum from which it was produced as well as production techniques, this therefore causes the construction the constructions components that are produced using the gypsum to have a different physical and mechanical performance when compared to the use of another gypsum. The phases of calcium sulfate water systems and their field of utilization in a building are therefore given in section two. Xll SECTIONS THREE : This section evaluates gypsum foaming techniques in order to find out the methods that might be applicable at the laboratory conditions. During the foaming process, high imporance was given to the issue that the material or mareials produced by the reaction should be to the most possible extent a type of cacium sulfate which does not melt in water. When the literature concerning the issue were assesed it was found out that the foaming had two methods having different fundamental principles. First method has the objective of producing gaseous gypsum by forming gas particples in the gypsum paste by chemical gypsum additives. Second method is adding the additives to reduce internel surface tension and enclosing -air into the wet gypsum paste by striking and milling. In the foaming techniques in which gaseous gypsum method is adopted, additives are edded to concrete in order to foam the mixture. Suface active agents in saponificators, fatty acids, sulfates and sulfonates are added as additives in foamed gypsum method. SECTION FOUR : In this section where experimantal work was conducted, the primary criteria such as type of mixing, pouring into the mold, quantity and interval of foam production are included. Acording to those, setting interval is important for pore production in case of gaseous gypsum xiu and for the workability interval by which the foam shell be produced by milling in case of foamed gypsum. In order to prevent diffusion of the gas produced into the atmosphere, the additives which increase viscosity were needed. In each foaming method so elected, setting intervals which are fundamental phases of foam production, quantities of foam in proportion with the quantitiy of additives and percentages of the agents which increase viscosity to facilitate production of foam were obtained by previous experiments. Considering the database which were obtained during pilot sampling work, matrixes which include different ratios of viscosity increasing agents and retarder - water - are obtained. The pore structures, intensity, heat conductivity, vapor diffusion resistance coefficient of the samples produced by this way were assesed in consideration of the additives. The experimental study was based on obtaining samples with a lower steam diffusion resistance and coefficient of conductivity as well as higher mechanical strengt, spherical or near - spherical pores. As a material with a homogenous spherical pore structure will insulate heat better and have a greater mechanic strength. SECTION FIVE : Taking results of the experiments into account, this section gives the field of application and benefits of the foamed gypsum products in a building. The compressive strength of the gypsum samples produced as explained above are under the values which xiv they are supposed to be above by the standarts. However, this section also states that this disadvantage does not restrict use of the porous gypsum in construction industry. The primary object of the study is to find out whether or not gypsum foaming would be posibie and review the level of availability of foamed gypsum products in the building. The values obtained during the experiments by adopting gaseous and foamed gypsum show that the gypsum which is prodced by lowering th density of the gypsum might be used as wall blocks and hanged ceiling material. It is suggested that the density might be some how lowered by simulteneous trying of the methods which cause production of gas and foam in the gypsum.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 1997
Anahtar kelimeler
Alçı köpürtme,
Gypsum foamed