Hava kirliliği konusunda çevre bilgi sistemi tasarımı ve gerçekleştirilmesi pilot projesi

Abstract

Çevre kirlenmesini pek çok özel durum için ayrı ayrı tanımlamak mümkündür. Ancak bir bütün olarak ele alındığın da herkesi tatmin edecek bir "çevre kirlenmesi" tanımı vermek mümkün değildir. Buna kar silik, yaşadığımız çevreyi sürekli olarak bozma yolunda çaba gösterdiğimiz açıkça ortadadır. Ne yazık ki Türkiye'de çevre sorunları, son yıllarda kirlenmenin çok aşırı boyutlara ulaşmasıyla güncellik kazanmıştır. Bu nedenle en kısa zamanda sağlam temellere dayanan çözümler getirilmelidir. Sağlıklı bir çözüm üretebilmek için de, kirliliğe neden olan faktörler, bunların etkileri ve sonuçlarının irdelenmesinde kullanılacak geniş bir veri dağarcığına sahip olmak gerekir. Bilgi Sistemleri bu verilerin elde edilmesi, saklanmasını ve gerekli istatistiklerin yapılabilmesini sağlar. Çevresel değişim verilerinin, saklanması, islenmesi ve modellenmesi çalışmalarında, Çevre Bilgi Sistemlerinden yararlanılması ile kullanıcıların daha doğru kararlar vermesine ve is gücü tasarrufuna olanak sağlanır. Bu çalışmada istanbul'daki hava kirliliği çalışmalarına Bilgi Sistemi ile destek vermek amacıyla, Bölge Hıfzıssıha Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü'nce yürütülen 01 Haziran 1989 tarihinde îl Sağlık Müdürlüğü Başkanlığı tarafından başlatılan "istanbul ili Hava Kirliliği Kükürtdioksit (SOj,) ve Asılı Partiküler Madde (A. P.M.) ölçüm Ağı" projesi için Çevre Bilgi Sistemi tasarlanmıştır. Oluşturulan veritabanında 1989-1990-1991 yıllarına ait aylık kükürtdioksit (SO 2) ve Asılı Partiküler Madde (A. P.M.) ölçümleri kullanılmıştır. Bu ölçümlerin ilçelere göre değişimleri analiz edilmiştir.

In Turkey, environmental problems take interest only at the places where the problems increase very much. Generally the interest helps only to determine the degree of the problem that is to say the pollution of a local area is tried to determine, sometimes master plans and projects are made about the prevention, However the removal or the reduction of the pollution can to be obtained. In Turkey, the inventory of the pollution sources is not determined yet the technologies that prevent the pollution art the source is not known. The control mechanism is generally not enough with insufficient knowledge about pollutants, its structure and related laws are insufficient also. In order to reach a good solution, one has to assume, especially the control establishments, the regular approach concept. The target off all the projects for the removal and prevention off the pollution has to be to determine the approach has is to the subject. By this way, the principles, concepts and Working systematic for the solution of the problem are considered. Environmental pollution can be easily understood by determining the regarding element and concepts. These are; a) Environment b) Pollutant c) Controller d) Basic Concepts regarding Environmental Pollution - Quality Standards - Technological basis - Control and management mechanism - Legal Condition ' - Financial support e) Public Opinion f) Communication Instruments 8) survey h) Education Pollution effects the environment in a bad way and public opinion notice the pollution by the differences in the environment. However when the differences are differentiable, it is usually too late. As there would be no pollution without pollutant, the second element of the event is pollutant. We have to be careful while defining the pollutant in community and city. Public opinion realize the pollution y isolating themselves from it. Hoverer human beings are basic pollutants directly while transporting and heating indirectly using industrial products Local and central administrations both make laws to protect environment and pollute the environment. There are a lot of examples about this situation in Turkey. Such as, the state factories which pollute the environment, municipal waste waters without treatment and public vehicles etc. The third element of the order is controller. Especially in our country. Controller establishments generally pollute the environment and control themselves at last. Through out the world the prevention of environmental pollution is public duty. By reason of this, controller is under the effect of public opinion. In lots of situations, public communication instruments monitor the effectiveness of controller and the result in the environment. In addition to this, is evaluates and direct the controller. Controller has to recognize that pollution problem has two basic element -physical dimensions - qualifications has to focus on the general character of the pollution without being effected by the wideness of the physical dimensions. By this way, All pollution problems must be analyzed by taking into account the five main elements listed below, - Environmental standards - Technology - Control and management - Legal Condition - Financial support XI Controller achieve this duty with this main element package. Success at this duty depends on analyzing of this package. This requirement defines the surge which is the other basic element of the order. In our country, health and real environmental protection policy search is mostly needed but in practice, this way is closed. In Industrial countries, this search study budget is % 2 in national budget. In Turkey, this value is around % 0,002 and in environment industries, this value is very less. Search study is the most important element of shape. Search demands must be wanted or controller either pollutant and education element must be occurred. At Education element, a technical issue must be understood which is useful for controller and pollutant. To create this public opinion depends an education. Environment knowledge must be in public mind. This environment knowledge should be start with the beginning of primary education. In order to reach this mind level, Media and public opinion have a great importance. Air, soil and water, these three elements are devoted to each other with inseparable and effect to each other with continuously condition. Wishes of living in a unpolluted is a one of human being. Groups of human meed to activate in a clean environment and this is their natural right. Because of this Nobody has a right to pollute this environment with carelessness, negligence or purposeful and this must be banned. Definition of air pollution is tough to declare scientifically and a formation which demands to a series of probability. Effects of many pollutants and existence type of these effects are not known very good. Existence of these effects depend of environmental conditions and time. Due to this for many of these pollutant, reliable limits can not be obtained. In past, standard application which carried out with collective parameters such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes are now demanded to specific parameters for execution of health and reliable appraise. Uncertain subjects at this definition and many parameters helps to characterization, control is being difficult. Otherwise, a lot of factor has a reason for air pollution. These are meteorology, topography, industrial community, city and traffic planing, features of buildings v.s. These a lot and vary structured factors makes air pollution a complex and difficult problem. Air pollution can be defined with vary approaches. But, Because of pollutants and their effects are not known exactly, definition of air pollution is a problem. Most general definition can be as under. If the concentration and time of particular material in the air, effects xxi harmfully to human health, other living, ecological balance and matters this is called air pollution. Pollutant Parameters Particular matters : Little solid and liquid granules which bigger (0,0002 N) and less than 500 N. Sulphur oxides : Defined as like SO 2 and S0a, different sulphur oxides total. Nitrogen oxides : Defined as, like NO and NO 3, six different nitrogen oxides total. Hydrocarbons : Is total of gas organic compound. This spreads to air as a hydrocarbon pollutant in an aromatic structure. Very important group of hydrocarbons are petroleum products are combustion waste. Carbonmonoxide : It is carbonmonoxide gas. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a compound of geographic data, computer hardware & software, personnel designed to collect, storage, manage, query, analyze and present large volume of spatial data and associated attributes in order to allow the users to make better decision, to improve productivity, to spare time, money and man power. The substantial improvement in computer systems during the last two decades has made it much easier to apply computer technology to the problem of storing, manipulating and analyzing large volumes of spatial data. Today many organizations make routine use of what are called "geographic information systems" to undertake tasks such as forecasting potential market areas, analyzing factors contributing to seismic hazard levels in the Eastern United States and finding what oceanographic data is available off the coast of Newfoundland. These geographic information systems comprise some quite sophisticated computer software, but they all contain the following major components: 1. A data input subsystem which collects and or processes spatial data derived from existing maps, remote sensors, etc. 2. A data storage and retrieval subsystem which organizes the spatial data in a from which permits it to be quickly retrieved by the user for subsequent analysis, as well as permitting rapid and accurate xixi updates and corrections to be made to the spatial database. A data manipulation and analysis subsystem which performance a variety of tasks such as changing the form of the data through user-defined aggregation rules or producing estimates of parameters and constraints for various space time optimization or simulation models. A data reporting subsystem which is capable of displaying all or part of the original database as well as manipulated data and the output from spatial models in tabular or map form. The creation of these map displays involves what is called digital or computer cartography. This is an area which represents a considerable conceptual extension of traditional cartographic approaches as. well as a substantial change in the tools utilized in creating the cartographic displays. This definition of a GIS excludes a number of software systems which meet only part of the stated criteria. For example, digitizing systems which concentrate upon the problem of data capture form map documents and which provide minimal data storage/retrieval capabilities and only "quick-look" graphics are clearly not geographic information systems. Neither, for that matter, are most remote sensing and image processing systems. Similarly, thematic mapping packages which concentrate upon the production of complex computer maps do not qualify. Today, to be considered a GIS the software system must include all four of the stated functions; and furthermore, it must perform efficiently in all four areas. The mere addition of a few, inefficient spatial data handling functions to a package which is oriented toward only one of the basic functions does not turn it into a true geographic information system. Many systems today also to not include an explicit interface to spatial modeling activities, within a short period of time this too will be included as a mandatory function of any true GIS. Introduction to ARC/INFO ARC/INFO as a GIS is characterized by its data model, the GIS functions that it performs, its modular design, its ability to integrate many types of input data, its macro programming language (AMD an open architecture which allows it to be linked to a number of relational database management systems (in addition to INFO) and its ability to operate on many different types of computers. xxv The ARC/INFO GIS is built around a data model which is typical of many historic and current GIS. Here, geographic data are organized using a both a relational and a topological model. This approach facilitates efficient handling of the two generic classes of spatial data: locational data describing the location and topology of point, line, and area features; and attribute data describing the characteristics of these features. Locational data are structured using coordinates and topological relationships. The x.y coordinate data are used to identify geographic feature locations, and the topological data re used to identify arc, node and polygon relationships. Creation of topological files is fully automatic and in generation of the ARC/INFO database internal procedures automatically assign left and right polygon identifiers and node connections to line segments defined by a set of x,ş coordinates. This spatial data are then linked, by way of common feature numbers, to the attribute data which are organized in the form required by the relational DBMS being used. The topological structuring used by ARC/INFO (and which is one of the main features lacking in most CAD/CAM systems) has four important advantages: * Polygon boundary data may be more efficiently stored as structured networks of line segments or arcs, rather than as closed polygon loops. This arc- node approach significantly reduces data storage as contrasted with older systems which store closed polygon loops. * The arc-node data structure substantially increases the speed for retrieval and processing of data. Functions such as polygon overlay are performed at orders of magnitude faster than in older, full-polygon database structures. * It is possible to perform certain types of spatial analysis, such as redistricting, optimal path determination and contiguity analysis, which simply cannot be carried out without explicit knowledge of topological structure. * The structure allows for storage and processing of very large continuous map overages. It does this by eliminating conventional data file limits regarding the maximum number of point, line, or polygon features, and the number of coordinates representing these features. xv Geographic information systems are a valuable tool for many types of environmental analysis. Environmental information systems have been built in supporting management in automated processing of environmental and geographical data. Heavy emphasis has been placed on monitoring and modeling possible environmental changes. A GIS based Decision Support System (DSS), made by bringing together geoprocessing software and environmental transmission models. DSS always offers the following (standard) possibilities : 1. Data input - environmental emission/environmental zones {immission data) - topographical basis and functions for spatial use, sensitive to environmental emission 2. Retrieval and management of data 3. Techniques for analysis - spatial confrontation analysis - integration and cumulation analysis - other environmental analysis, e.g. the evaluation of scenarios of reorganization 4. Presentation and output (drawings and tables) - basic data - result of analysis Environmental data, including environmental emission and immission and landuse forms sensitive to immission, can be entered in this system (DSS) in several ways, Several environmental sectors and categories are implemented in the system. The main features this concerns noise, risks, odeur, toxic compounds and carcinogenic compounds. The aim of this scientific study is support to air pollution project in Istanbul by using Environmental Information System. The data used in this project is obtained from "istanbul ili Hava Kükürtdioksit (SO 2 ) ve Asili Partiküler Madde (A. P.M.) ölçüm Ağı" project which began at 01.06.1989 by Municipal Health Administration. This project is still being carried out by "Bölge Hıfzıssıhha Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü" this existing database is including sulphur oxides and hanging particular matter. This measurements belong to 1989-1990-1991 years. In this study, variations of measurements according to their country are examined.