İznik'te İsmail Bey Hamamı restorasyon projesi

Abstract

İznik, Bursa ilinde aynı adı taşıyan gölün doğusunda bulunan bir eski ve tarihi, çevresindeki buluntulara göre hayli gerilere uzanan bir kenttir. Kent, birçok Anadolu kenti gibi Hellenistik çağda Nikaia adıyla anılmaktadır. M.Ö. 74 yılında Roma egemenliği ne giren Nikaia, akropolü, surları, tiyatrosu, ve diğer kentsel donanımıyla gelişmiş, Bizans döneminde de önemli bir kentsel dini merkez olmuştur. İki kez Ökünemik Konsil'in toplandığı bir kaç kez başkent olarak da yaşama olanağı bulan İznik, 1331 yılın dan bu yana Türk dönemini yaşamaktadır. Kentin 2300 yıllık tarihinden kalan anıtlar arasında Ayasofya Kilisesi, Koimesis, vb. varsa da asıl anıtsal kalıntı surlardır. Yeşil Cami, Nilüfer Hatun İmareti, Süleyman Paşa Medresesi gibi anıtlar kentin önemli mimari miras birikimleri arasındadır. İsmail Bey Hamamı olarak tanınmış olan yapı bu mimari birikim arasında bir erken dönem özel hamamı olarak ünik bir model, konstrüksiyon tekniği ve strüktürel dekorasyonu ile kendine özgü ve farklı bir anıttır. Sunulan çalışma bu anıt üzerine monografik bir etüttür. Yapıyı tarihi, tipolojisi, fonksiyonel, konstrüktif ve dekoratif özellik leriyle betimlemeyi ve yorumlamayı deneyen bir çalışmadır. Çalışma, Türk Hamamının ısıtma ve su tesisatı ile birlikte hipokaust konstrüksiyonunu inceleyen ilk etüd olma savmdadır, İsmail Bey Hamamı 'nm tipolojik analojilerini araştırmak, bozulma ve çöküntülerini saptamak, ve sonunda yapıya en az müdahale ile yeniden kullanım önerilerini geliştirmek amaçlanmış ve gerçekleş tirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

İznik is a town in the Bursa province located on the East bank of the lake after which it takes its name and according to the prehistoric remains found in the area it is a very old settlement. According to the geographer Strabon, the city which was founded in 316 BC was named Nikaia after the name of Nike, the wife of Lysimakhos, the ruler of the city at the time. The most important remains of the city whose development started during the Roman period, are the walls surrounding the entire city and the amphitheatre where excavations are still going on. During the Byzantine period Nikai was a very important center where ecumenical councils were held and the city went through a prosperous period during the reign of Emperor Justinianus (527-565) when major works such as palaces, aqueducts, churches and monasteries were built. The most important event from the point of view of Christian history as well as the decisions which affected history of art, was the meeting which is known in history as the II Nikaia Council held in the local Hagia Sophia in 787. At the end of this meeting, it was decided to put an end to the Iconoclastic movement which prohibited the old tradition of figurative painting. Beginning with the 7th century the city was sieged by Arabs several times, and conquered by Seljuk Turk twice. In 1096 Iznik became the Seljuk capital and the Sultanikion Palace was built in the city. In 1115 Iznik was once more conquered by the Byzantines. Later xm iznik became the capital of the Laskaris dynasty in 1206 following the conquest of Constantinopolis by the Crusaders and lived through a very prosperous period until 1261. After its conquest by Orhan Gazi in 1331, iznik became the capital of the Ottoman Principality. Iznik houses numerous historic buildings since it was an important center in the Roman and Byzantine periods as well as the Ottoman period and in particular, and architectural stock of characteristic early Ottoman architecture. Among this interesting stock, the building known as the Ismail Bey Hamam is one of the most important examples due to its architectural chacteristics and its extraordinary and unique features. The aim of this study has mainly been to prepare a monographic study of this building, which thus far has been a subject of interest to numerous writers and researchers; to describe its characteristics such as architectural, functional, structural, typological, and etc. as well as to determine its present condition, the deteriorations in the main structure, the stones, bricks and mortar it has undergone and develop proposals for its restoration and reuse. The development of the tradition of cleanliness and bathing, its meaning and function in pagan beliefs and monotheistic religions, forms and rituals developed within a religious context, local and historical developments related to body care and the tradition of sports in general have been summarized in the first part of the 'Introduction' of the study. The second subtitle of this section summarizes the Ottoman bathing and hamam tradition. In this section the Ottoman Hamams, where the rules of Islamic cleanliness and Anatolian tradition converge, have been described in general and the numerous early and late schemas developed have been mentioned. The second section presents the method used in the study. As xiv the existing measured drawings of the building contain numerous mistakes, are incomplete and more like schemas than measured drawings, a serious measured drawing study has been carried out. Due to the importance of the building and the dreadful state it is in at present, this measured drawing also had to be a very meticulous documentation study. Everything was done keeping this very important point constantly in mind. Although photogrammetric shots and drawings were not possible to get, theodolite and level was used for horizontal and vertical measurements within and outside the structure to minimise errors. Conventional methods were used for the details. The material used in the facades and the wall texture has been recorded as correctly as possible. It must be mentioned here that a scientific priority was given to this part of the study. Moreover, this is the first time that the hypocaust level of a Hamam has ever been measured and its measured drawing prepared. The urban history and historical architectural heritage of Iznik from its establishment to the present has been summarized in the third section. The next subtitle has been reserved to the discussion of the special place the Ismail Bey Hamam holds in the architectural heritage of Iznik. This Hamam has a particular place not only in the architectural heritage of Iznik but also among the Ottoman hamam in general and has always been of particular interest to researchers. The studies carried out on this Hamam until now have been examined and discussed in this section. In the fourth section there is a detailed definition and description of the Hamam. At the beginning there is a description of the hypocaust. This is the first time that this section of Hamam is being analysed. Then the part of the hamam which is above ground level, the flooring, walls, coverings and facades, doors and other arcitectural elements are analysed separately in their respective order. xv The structural characteristics, foundations, the material and texture of the walls, the construction and form characteristics of the arches, the vaulting and transition elements have been presented in the fifth section. The sixth section contains the description of remains which could be found of the heating and water installation which are the most important parts of hamams. The water to the Hamam probably flowed into the tank through the pipe whose remains were found in the south eastern corner of the building. The hot and cold water pipes leading from the tank to the Hamam can be traced quite clearly. The connections to the basins in parts Z02 ve Z03 have been traced. The sewer water channels can be traced through parts Z01 and Z02. Almost all the smoke channels and their vertical and horizontal connection were traced after tedious and meticulous searching. The seventh section has been reserved to the analysis of the decorations which are of primary importance in the dating and classification of the building. In this section an attempt was made to analyse the plaster decorations on the walls, the muqarnases, the prismatic triangular composition of the transition elements and the decorative forms of the vaulting which vary in all the different rooms of the building. The eighth section has been devoted to the discussion of the results of the analyses done so far. First the plan schema of the building was compared to other examples of the early period and in particular with those that no longer exist and with the Sinanbey Hamam in inönü and the Sadıkbey Hamam in İnegöl and other private hamams in Iznik. There are some plan schema resemblances with examples that can be dated to the late 14th century and early 15th century. Then research was carried out to establish whether analogies exist between the decorations, the transition elements and vaulting of the buildings of the same period, with similar characteristics, in particular with examples XVI of hamams in Edirne and Bursa. In section nine a list of the deteriorations which have become dangerous been given. Damage caused by misuse (stable etc.), long term disuse and structural deterioration possibly due to underground waters, eartquakes, structural deformations and crackr have been observed and these have been recorded with degree of deterioration and exact location. In the tenth section there is an proposal of restitution taking into consideration the existing clues. In this section the functions of the different sections of the building and the constructions problems have been discussed again. The water outlet traces found in the North wall and foundation remains on the Western adjacent plot seems to contain the hints of connections to a building - like the palace it is said to have been connected to. So a more exact and more developed restitution looks feasible only after excavations and sampling is done in the plots west and north of the building. The possible locations of characteristic elements (benches, basins etc.) have been plotted, drawings of the non-existant parts of the domes and transition elements which could be completed have been given. Section eleven presents a restoration and reuse proposal. The building has to be cleaned of organic and inorganic pollution. A complete restoration is not feasible under the present condition of the building. However, a consolidation of the building in its present condition could be done to prevent any further deterioration and definitely protect the structure. Reintegration of some parts of the vaulting and floors can be done. It looks quite impossible to restore to the building to its primary function. However, bearing in mind the age and the architectural qualities of the building, and its artistic and aesthetic character, it should be considered an object of art and be opened to visits. Therefore, the intended restoration project does not seriously interfere with the building and contains only limited additions. xvii Note : Cleaning of the building was carried out in 1990 by the Directorate of Measured Drawings and Monuments of the Ministry of Culture. Since not much archeological concern was shown during the excavations, the remains found here were put together in very ill defined groupings and are at present in the vaults of the Iznik Museum. Photographs of these findings were taken and efforts to date them were made with the help of archaeologist Ayyüz Toydemir. These have been enclosed in the thesis just for documentation.