Konut tasarımında çevresel tercih analiz modeli

Abstract

Günümüzde, artık kullanıcıların da tasarıma katılımı söz konusudur. Kullanıcılar da kendi kişisel tercihlerini ortaya koyarak yaşayacakları yerlerdeki seçimlerini belileyebilmelidirler. İnsanların çevreyle ilgili yaptıkları bu tercihleri etkileyen pek çok özellik vardır. Ayrıca bu çevresel tercihlere ulaşmadan önce bazı süreçlerden geçerler. Tezin amacı, kişilerin kendi zihinsel resimlerine, sonuçtaki tercihlerine ulaşırken geçtikleri aşamaları inceleyerek ortaya koymak ve bu aşamaları etkileyen öznel, nesnel ve anlamsal faktörleri belirleyerek, kıllanıcıların tercihlerim belirlemede yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterecek bir analiz modeli oluşturmaktır. Beş bölümden oluşan çalışmanın birinci bölümü olan giriş bölümünde tezin amacı ve genel kapsamı tanımlanmaktadır. Tezin ikinci bölümünde.ise öncelikle çalışma alanının tanıtılmasında yardımcı olacak, konuyla ilgili, Çevre- Davranış Çalışmalarına ait yaklaşımlar anlatılmakta ve bu modeller doğrultusunda tezin kapsamı ve ölçeği belirlenmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, problem konu alanı sistemleştirilerek kişisel tercihlere ulaşmada geçilen süreçler, yani kültür, çevresel bilişim, buna bağlı olarak çevresel algılama, bilme ve değerlendirme ve çevresel imaj ve son olarak da çevresel bilişim, imaj ve tercihi oluşturan özellikler "Çevresel Tercih" başlığı altında incelenmektedir. Bunlar öznel, nesnel, anlamsal ve simgesel olarak üç grup altında toplanmıştır.Bu bölümün sonunda, çevresel tercihe ulaşmada geçilen tüm aşamaları gösteren bir kavramsal çerçeve ortaya konulmaktadır. Tezin dördüncü bölümünde, bir önceki bölümün sonunda varılan noktadan yola çıkılarak elde edilen kişisel, kültürel, anlamsal ve simgesel ve çevresel özelliklerin ve bu özelliklerin çevresel tercihe ulaşmadaki etkilerinin saptanması içn izlenecek metodolojiyi ortaya koyan bir model oluşturulmuştur. Bundan sonra bu modelin uygulanmasına geçilmiş ve Yedikule 'de gerçekleştirilen bir alan çalışmasıyla bu model denenmiştir. Beşinci bölüm olan son bölümde ise, tezin amaçlarının ne derece gerçekleştirildiği tartışılmaktadır.

Today, there is a socio-cultural change in our country and this causes a contradiction between the modern planning principles and the traditional approaches. For the sake of new and contemporary buildings, some traditional values are being ruined and at the end there is no success. While all of these are going on, the orientations and visual preferences of the users are completely despised. The users born in different places and have different cultures and educations will surely differ in their environmental preferences too. That 's why the purpose of this thesis is, to constitute an analysis model in order to determine the preferences of the users to help for new plannings and explain the cultural and social processes or in a way mental steps that they pass through while reaching this final choice. This means, the aim is, by exposing the relationship between the users' culture, the mental processes they pass through and the final preference they reach; determine what effects their preferences. The thesis consists of five chapters. In the first chapter the purpose and the general concept of the thesis are defined and it is explained that because of its subject, the thesis is in the field of "Environment-Behaviour Studies". That 's why they are primarily explained. The Environment - Behaviour Studies are the study of the mutual relations between human beings and the physical environment at all scales, and applications of the knowledge thus gained for improving the quality of life through better informed environmental policy, planning, design and education So, they can be defined as a combination of many theories and models, that make it possible to form these theories. In recent years the studies were being based on only one model but nowadays the studies can be based on more than one model. Also this thesis according to its subject has been based on three models;. Perception and Cognition Based Models: which consider cultural effects upon environmental perception and provide the analysis of interactions between culture and behaviour; . Socio - Cultural Models: which are based on cultural factors in the design and use of home environments;. Environmental Preference Models; which consider the preferences of the users in order to understand the past and future choices and the decisions of them. After that, the methods used in Environment - Behaviour Researches are explained generally under two topics; qualitative methods and quantitative methods. At the next step, under the light of these models the main concept of the thesis is being explained and three components that constitute the conceptual framework of the thesis; environment, culture and psychological processes are considered. At the end of this chapter the scale of the problem is determined. The subject matter of the thesis has been focused on mezzo scale of housing environment. Also the matter consists of image / schemata, values and life style with behavioural responses. The third chapter aiming the systemization of the subject matter, analyzes the steps leading to the environmental preference. In this content the first title is "culture". In this section the general definition and concept of culture have been explained, and then it has been analyzed in the content of man - environment interactions. At the end, it has been related to the home environment which has been the chosen scale. The second title of this chapter "The Environmental Cognition" is gathered of different sub-titles. The environmental cognition consists of perception, cognition and evaluation processes. Because of that, first of all environmental cognition is presented generally and then taken into consideration at different stages. The first stage is environmental perception and it is the process of providing information from the environment. The next stage is environmental cognition and evaluation; or in a way comprehension. This is the process of the evaluation of the provided information. After the explanation of this processes the cognitive maps and schemata that are formed at the end of these processes, are being defined and the characteristics of them are mentioned. The third stage of this chapter is "Environmental Image". At this stage, the images that are being reached at the end of these processes, that means the final mental pictures are examined totally. Before all else, the characteristics of the environmental image and its formation period are described and according to these, the previous studies that have been done about image, are explained. And here, the different classifications done by different researchers are examined. Finally, the XI personal differences of environmental image and preferences are generally considered and the characteristics that cause these differences are shortly mentioned. The fourth and the last stage of this chapter "Environmental Preference" is in a way, the heart substance of the thesis. At this stage the characteristics of the users, that effect their environmental preferences and make them differ from each other, are classified and analyzed. These differences or characteristics are specified as;. The subjective context;. The objective context;. The semantic and symbolic context. The subjective context consists of the personal characteristics. These are the personal and cultural characteristics of human beings. These are the basis of the subjective images, they form. That means the users differ from each other in their environmental preferences because of their personal ( age, sex, place of birth, information, environmental experience etc. ) and cultural ( cultural norm and values, education and knowledge, art, tradition, customs, abilities, habits, rules, etc. ) characteristics. On the contrary the objective context includes the physical and environmental characteristics. These are effective on the users' formation of their general images. The visual auditory, tactile and odorous characteristics of the environment, help people with forming their cognitive schemata. But the visual characteristics are more important when the visual preferences are in question. These can be called the plastic characteristics of the environment. So these are taken into consideration and the effects of them on the preferences are discussed. The last one is the semantic and symbolic context. Human beings or groups also differ by their giving meaning to the environment while or after perception and symbolizing. These effect their personal images and final preferences directly. In this respect, first of all " meaning " is defined and explained, and then symbol and symbolic meaning are examined. At the last stage of this chapter the characteristics achieved in the former chapter are gathered and classified as " A Conceptual Framework In The Forming Of Environmental Preference ". By doing this a clear categorization of the relationship in between the processes examined in the former stages is obtained. Xll At the fourth chapter the steps and characteristics taking people to a final environmental preference, are put forward and classified in a model. That 's why this stage suggests a model consisting of the characteristics that make people differ in their environmental preferences, the methods used in finding out these characteristics and the methodology that is followed. The aim of the model is, to constitute a method dealing with obtaining data for new designs by installing the steps that have to be followed and the components and methods in this framework in a proper way. After that, the next stage is the model 's application and in this context the research methods used in the case - study are examined. These are " cognitive " and "observational " methods. And then a case - study is made at Yedikule. Dealing with 37 users, the values achieved at the previous chapters are tested and new results are found. At the end, the data derived from the interviews are transformed into final graphics. In this study by testing the values achieved, new results are found. In this study it has been tried to find out the different visual orientation and reactions of different users to different style of settlements. And these are compared with the users' subjective, objective and semantic characteristics. In the last chapter, it has been investigated whether the thesis reached to its purpose and target and the data obtained at the end of the case study are compared with the indictments put forward through the thesis. As a result, this thesis tries to enlighten the new design studies by explaining the users' orientations and environmental preferences. The method developed by this thesis is given in the following table. Xlll z Ld a. a. -j < ı- z LU 3 z o m 5 3 m ı/ı h- Z LU Z O Û. 2 O o i- SPECIAL IMAGES SUBJECTIVE CONTEXT PERSOtAl OWMTIWKS CUHKAL CHASKTilMS. Age -Sex. Ploee of Birth ? Knowledge. Environments. Experience -Culturel Norms And Values -Traditions ond Customs -Abilities - Habits Rules SEMANTIC CONTEXT SEMANTIC AND MBit CHARACTERISTICS - Meanings -Symbols [NVlBONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL IMAGES OBJECTIVE CONTEXT -Visual.Form -Color -Texture Proportion and Scale -Fullnesses ond Emptinesses -Balance Assymeiry -Rhythm and Repetition ? Domination. Contrast -Auditory -Tootle -Odorous 2 vJ/. Cognitive -Ethnographic ?3 CO >? _l < z < J^L SL ? Cognitive -Ethnographic - Observation ol -Historical, Interviews ? Surveys tn m >- z \/_ Cognitive Ethnographic 3henomeno)ogleal ^S-. Interviews - Observation - Archlvol Documents \/ -Taxonomies. Typologies j^k - Observational NkL. Interviews - Observation - Mapping -Experimental Comparison ^_ -Taxonomies - Typologies ' identTflcotton. Content Analysis ^_ Observation of Physical Dota Sj/ -Taxonomies -Typologies -Relational \£_ Pattern Identification _& JL N/_ JL NEW DESING CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES