Dönüşen kentlerde değişen gündelik hayat: Esenler havaalanı mahallesi, İstanbul
Dönüşen kentlerde değişen gündelik hayat: Esenler havaalanı mahallesi, İstanbul
Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Tekçe, Özge
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Özet
İstanbul, kentsel mekânsallığın her metrekaresinde dönüşüm baskısına maruz bırakıldığı bir kentsel gündeme sahiptir. Dönüşümle birlikte ortaya çıkan yeni durum kentsel dokunun yıkım ve yeniden inşa sürecinin bir parçası olarak yeniden üretilmesi yanında, değişen ekonomik ve sosyo-politik konjonktürle birlikte kentsel mekânı mülkiyet yapısının yeniden tanımlanması, yerinden edilme, ayrıştırma ve soylulaştırma gibi sorunlar çerçevesinde toplumsal bir mücadele alanı haline getirmektedir. Modern zamanların, 'sıradan' insanların gündelik hayatlarını mekanize bir sistem içerisinde öğütmesi sonucu, bireyin var olamadığı yeni kent mekânları oluşmaktadır. Kentlerin hızla dönüşümü, kent ve toplum arasındaki bağı kopartmakta, kentsiz toplumlar ve toplumsuz kentler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Toplumsal mücadelenin odağında da, yaratılan yeni mekânsallık ve bu mekânsallığa bağlı belleğin göstergesi ve bireyin mekânla kurduğu özgün ilişkinin anlatısı olan gündelik hayat anlatılarının yeniden üretimi bulunmaktadır. Mekânı toplumdan, toplumu da mekândan koparan neoliberal kentleşme politiğine karşı, toplumun ve mekânın bütüncül ve birbirine bağımlı değişkenler olarak irdelenmesine olanak tanıyan gündelik hayat konusu, toplumun her geçen gün ayrıştığı ve katmanlaştığı dünya düzeninde akıp geçen yaşamın insani yüzü olması sebebiyle önemlidir. Bu bağlamda bireyin görmez kılındığı, dönüşümün politik, ekonomik ve yeni artı değer yaratılmasına dair kaygılar altında kurgulandığından araştırma, bireyin gündelik hayatına odaklanarak bir ailenin hikâyesini dinleyerek ve hissederek süreci deneyimleme ve sorgulama vaadiyle yola çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda araştırma, Esenler Havaalanı Mahallesi'nde yaşayan bir ailenin gündelik hayatına dair bir anlatı kurarak, kentsel dönüşümün gündelik hayat pratiğine etkisi üzerine eleştirel bir perspektif ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Belirtilen amaç doğrultusunda, araştırmanın hedefleri: Neoliberal kentsel gündem çerçevesinde mekân, toplum ve gündelik hayat ilişkisini tartışmak; Türkiye'de dönüşüm odaklı kentleşmenin ve mekânsallığın gündelik hayat pratiklerine etkisini sorgulamak; ve etnografik araştırma sürecinin bir parçası olarak gündelik hayat anlatı araştırmalarına odaklanmanın kentleşme politiği ve pratiği için önemini anlamlandırmaktır. Amaç ve hedefler doğrultusunda "dönüşümle birlikte yeniden üretilen mekânların, bireylerin gündelik hayat pratikleri üzerine etkisi nedir?" temel sorusuna yanıt arayan araştırma 6 bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölüm, araştırmanın problemini, amaç ve hedefleri ve araştırma sorularını tanımlamaktadır. Araştırmanın amacına ulaşmak üzere, araştırma yöntemi ve strüktürü bu bölümde kurgulanmaktadır. İkinci bölümde ilk olarak dönüşen kent ve mekân konusu irdelenerek, toplumun dönüşen varlığını algılayabilmek adına öncelikle onu etkileyen değişkenlere odaklanmak gerektiği düşüncesiyle mekânın dönüşüm baskısı ve dönüşüm sürecinde ortaya çıkan kavramlar tartışılmaktadır. İkinci olarak ise, dönüşen kentte gündelik temsilleri irdelenerek mekânın gündelik hayat ve toplumsal yapı üzerindeki etkisi irdelenmektedir. Toplumun kendi içerisindeki var olan dengesi ve düzeni üzerinde ortaya çıkan baskılar bu bölümde değerlendirilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, uluslararası literatürde değerlendirilen mekân, toplum ve gündelik hayat ilişkilerinin Türkiye'ye yansımaları sunulmaktadır. Bölümde mekânın dönüşümüne bağlı olarak etkilenen toplum yapısına odaklanılması nedeniyle Türkiye'de kentsel dönüşüm süreci dört dönemde irdelenmekte, bu dönüşümün birey ve toplumsal yapı üzerindeki yansımaları tartışılmaktadır. Türkiye kentleşme sürecinde mekânın dönüşümünü konu alan bölümde, bireyin yaşamsal faaliyetleri üzerindeki dönüşüm baskısıyla beraberinde ortaya çıkan yeni kavramlar ve bu kavramların bireyin gündelik hayatı üzerindeki baskısına odaklanılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölüm, Esenler Havaalanı Mahallesinde gündelik hayat anlatısına odaklanan araştırmanın yöntemini konu almaktadır. Yöntem olarak, geleneksel sosyal davranış temellerine inerek, sosyal davranışlara odaklanan 'narrative' veya 'life histories' olarak adlandırılan gündelik hayat anlatılarından beslenen etnografik yaklaşımlar benimsenmektedir. Araştırmanın temelini, gündelik hayatın doğrudan gözlemlenebilmesine dayalı katılımcı gözlem ve gündelik hayatın anlatılarına dair notlar alınarak, günlük deneyimler üzerine yapılan mülakatların ve sözlü tarihten beslenen hayat öykülerinin derlenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın beşinci bölümünde ise 2012 yılında 6306 sayılı Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkında Kanun kapsamında riskli alan ilan edilen, aynı zamanda Türkiye'nin ilk kentsel dönüşüm projesi olan Esenler Havaalanı Mahallesi'ne dair araştırma bulguları sunulmakta; dönüşen kentlerde gündelik hayat deneyimlerinin değişimine odaklanarak bir ailenin anlatıları çerçevesinde dönüşümün gündelik hayatın yeniden üretimindeki etkisi tartışılmaktadır. Bölümün en önemli başlığını oluşturan, mekânın dönüşümüne bağlı olarak değişen gündelik hayat kavramı, ailenin hikâyesi çerçevesinde, tektipleşme, belleksizleşme ve yabancılaşma, bireyselleşme ve yalnızlaşma olmak üzere temelde üç bileşen üzerinden değerlendirilmektedir. Son bölümde ise, araştırma sonuçlarına yer verilmektedir. Mekânın dönüşümü kavramının başat olarak etkilediği bireysel hayatın gündelik hayat çalışmalarında edindiği yerin mekânla bağlantısının kurulması çalışmanın katkısını ortaya çıkartmaktadır.
As the global urban agenda is increasingly being restructured by major emphasis on the reproduction of urban space as an opportunity space both in the developed but more in the developing world, the implications on the society becomes a major subject in the current urban discourse. The current urban agenda of Istanbul implies constant pressure to renewal in every square metre of the urban spatiality including inner-city slums, peripheral migrant neighbourhoods and historic neighbourhoods. The transformation process under the name of renewal, at the same time, is challenged continuously with increasing problems of displacement, segregation and gentrification, all of which indicates a major problematic on the right to the city. The casualties in the process of transformation do not solely reflect the change of ownership patterns, the disappearance of security, the destruction of urban fabric; the same process also draws on the lost of communities, their heritage and memories. In this process, everything that is not suitable for global capital falls outside the framework created by the system. The modern times efface the 'simple' everyday lives practice in a mechanized system, new urban spaces are created which the individual cannot exist. The rapid transformation of cities breaks the bond between the city and the society. What lies beneath the social struggle that is shaped by the newly created spatiality is the reproduction of everyday life practices as an authentic narrative of one's lived experience and its relationship with the urban space. On the contrary to neoliberal urbanization politics isolating the urban space from society and in return the society from urban space, the exploration on the everyday life practices allows a holistic quest on the society and the urban space by reflecting the human dimension of the lived experiences in a world of isolation, fragmentation and displacement. Urbanization, defined as transition from traditional society to modern society, is considered as the breaking point of everyday life discussions. Places that shape everyday life of individuals, such as street, work, home, school etc., are where struggles for existence, encounterings, public consciousness emerge. The enforced urge for the so-called 'modern' grain everyday lives of 'ordinary' people in a mechanized system. As a result, new urban spaces where the individual cannot come into existence are formed. The research on everyday life is significant as having information about the daily routines of individuals light the way for social life and, consequently, space setup. Breakings that occur as a result of changes in individuals' everyday lives and interactions within the society render societies; at the same, these interactions are ignored in the city as a research object. Thus, it is the particular goal of this research to call for a critical perspective based on empirical insight into the everyday life narratives of communities within transforming cities. Based on a story of one family in İstanbul's Esenler Havaalanı Neighbourhood, the research attempts to explore the conflicts of current urban renewal policy and to showcase the intangible dynamics of the renewal initiatives in between migration, mobility and displacement from the perspective of the community. For the stated purpose, the objectives are: Discussing the relationship between space, society and everyday life within the framework of the Neoliberal urban agenda; Questioning the effect of transformation-oriented urbanization in Turkey and spatiality on everyday life practices; and signifying the importance of the focus on everyday life narrative researches for urbanization politics and urbanization practice as a part of the ethnographic research process. For the purpose stated above, this research is seeking respond to the question of "what is the impact of the reproduction of urban space through urban renewal on the everyday life narratives of communities?". The additional questions that structured the research are: How the relationship between urban spatiality, society and everyday life can be read within the context of neoliberal urban agenda? What is the impact of renewal-based urbanisation and urbanity on the discovery of everyday life practices? And how can the knowledge on everyday life narratives can foster transformative change in the way we manage our cities? To respond to the above-mentioned questions, the research is structured through six parts. The first part presents the research problem and statement of purpose, the goal and objectives, research questions and methodology. In the second part, the research firstly explores the concepts, causalities and processes of transformation to better understand the transformative discourses of the society. Changing dynamics of the everydaylife practices are discussed secondly to evaluate the impact of urban transformation on everydaylife and social order. The third part presents the reflections of the relationship between urban space, society and everydaylife practices that are explored in international agenda in Turkey. The urban transformation process in Turkey is examined within 4 periods, and discussed through its reflections on individual and social structure. The chapter on urban transformation of space within the context of Turkey's urbanization process focuses on new concepts emerging with the transformational pressure on the vital activities of the individual and the pressure of these concepts on the everyday life of the individual. The fourth part issues the research design and methodology capturing the everyday life narratives of Esenler Havaalanı neighbourhood - Turkey's first urban transformation Project under the Law of Transformation of Areas Under the Disaster Risks numbered 6306. Ethnographic approaches, particularly 'narrative' or 'life histories' that are fed from everyday life stories and focusing on the foundations of traditional social behaviors are used as the research method. The basis of the research is oral histories through the composition of participant observation, which is based on direct observation of everyday life, and notes taken during interviews that are based on everyday life experiences. In the fifth part, the research findings on the everydaylife narratives of Esenler Havaalanı neighbourhood are presented, and by concentrating on the changing everydaylife in transforming cities, the impact of urban transformation on the reproduction of everydaylife practice is discussed within the frame of a single family's narratives focusing on standardization, amnesia and alienation, individualization and isolation. In conclusion, the contribution of this study is to correlate the space and the place gained in everyday life studies by individual life that is affected by the notion of "transformation of space." Every piece of land, where the pressure for transformation is felt, face reproduction. The new living space setups produced as consumption centers drag individuals into a new system that they are not used to and grain individuals' current life experiences in that system. Spaces produced with the new city and new society concerns ignore the relationship between the concepts of individual and society with space, and cause the city to lose its meaning. It is seen that ignoring the story of the society will reveal more knotty problems in the long run and create new discussions in the urban space. The narrative of Esenler Havaalanı Mahallesi has shown that the operability of the information provided by the conceptual framework on the social system is debatable. It is known that urban transformation causes many economic and social problems such as segregation, gentrification, and displacement in society. However, informations obtained through the oral histories of families remained incapable to mirror the society. In consideration of the informations obtained from the observations and interviews, it is safe to say that a society structure that is lonely and prone to individualization created by the modernization discussed in the current situation is shaped by gender and as so by generations in different geographies, as in the case of Esenler Havaalanı Neighbourhood. Moreover, it is emphasized that it is necessary to perceive the negative impacts of the individualization tendency, which is the basis of social studies in urban spaces, and to understand the importance of individuals' everyday lives for social studies. It is valuable to give individual a voice and to listen in terms of gaining perspectives. Lastly but not least, in the space transformation, every structure produced by ignoring the individual setup, the patterns of relationship with her/his environment, the culture and traditional structure s/he has, is produced as a product of capital. Cities owe their unique spatial characteristics to their existing cultural and social structures. Intervention to the urban space or the society living in it and the change in the original texture will begin to similarize the space and society and will not compensate the old social and physical texture. Individuals today, who are forced to move implicity or explicitly, will continue their old lives in a new place in the urban space. It will not be possible to get out of the cycle of transformation unless the individual is heard.
As the global urban agenda is increasingly being restructured by major emphasis on the reproduction of urban space as an opportunity space both in the developed but more in the developing world, the implications on the society becomes a major subject in the current urban discourse. The current urban agenda of Istanbul implies constant pressure to renewal in every square metre of the urban spatiality including inner-city slums, peripheral migrant neighbourhoods and historic neighbourhoods. The transformation process under the name of renewal, at the same time, is challenged continuously with increasing problems of displacement, segregation and gentrification, all of which indicates a major problematic on the right to the city. The casualties in the process of transformation do not solely reflect the change of ownership patterns, the disappearance of security, the destruction of urban fabric; the same process also draws on the lost of communities, their heritage and memories. In this process, everything that is not suitable for global capital falls outside the framework created by the system. The modern times efface the 'simple' everyday lives practice in a mechanized system, new urban spaces are created which the individual cannot exist. The rapid transformation of cities breaks the bond between the city and the society. What lies beneath the social struggle that is shaped by the newly created spatiality is the reproduction of everyday life practices as an authentic narrative of one's lived experience and its relationship with the urban space. On the contrary to neoliberal urbanization politics isolating the urban space from society and in return the society from urban space, the exploration on the everyday life practices allows a holistic quest on the society and the urban space by reflecting the human dimension of the lived experiences in a world of isolation, fragmentation and displacement. Urbanization, defined as transition from traditional society to modern society, is considered as the breaking point of everyday life discussions. Places that shape everyday life of individuals, such as street, work, home, school etc., are where struggles for existence, encounterings, public consciousness emerge. The enforced urge for the so-called 'modern' grain everyday lives of 'ordinary' people in a mechanized system. As a result, new urban spaces where the individual cannot come into existence are formed. The research on everyday life is significant as having information about the daily routines of individuals light the way for social life and, consequently, space setup. Breakings that occur as a result of changes in individuals' everyday lives and interactions within the society render societies; at the same, these interactions are ignored in the city as a research object. Thus, it is the particular goal of this research to call for a critical perspective based on empirical insight into the everyday life narratives of communities within transforming cities. Based on a story of one family in İstanbul's Esenler Havaalanı Neighbourhood, the research attempts to explore the conflicts of current urban renewal policy and to showcase the intangible dynamics of the renewal initiatives in between migration, mobility and displacement from the perspective of the community. For the stated purpose, the objectives are: Discussing the relationship between space, society and everyday life within the framework of the Neoliberal urban agenda; Questioning the effect of transformation-oriented urbanization in Turkey and spatiality on everyday life practices; and signifying the importance of the focus on everyday life narrative researches for urbanization politics and urbanization practice as a part of the ethnographic research process. For the purpose stated above, this research is seeking respond to the question of "what is the impact of the reproduction of urban space through urban renewal on the everyday life narratives of communities?". The additional questions that structured the research are: How the relationship between urban spatiality, society and everyday life can be read within the context of neoliberal urban agenda? What is the impact of renewal-based urbanisation and urbanity on the discovery of everyday life practices? And how can the knowledge on everyday life narratives can foster transformative change in the way we manage our cities? To respond to the above-mentioned questions, the research is structured through six parts. The first part presents the research problem and statement of purpose, the goal and objectives, research questions and methodology. In the second part, the research firstly explores the concepts, causalities and processes of transformation to better understand the transformative discourses of the society. Changing dynamics of the everydaylife practices are discussed secondly to evaluate the impact of urban transformation on everydaylife and social order. The third part presents the reflections of the relationship between urban space, society and everydaylife practices that are explored in international agenda in Turkey. The urban transformation process in Turkey is examined within 4 periods, and discussed through its reflections on individual and social structure. The chapter on urban transformation of space within the context of Turkey's urbanization process focuses on new concepts emerging with the transformational pressure on the vital activities of the individual and the pressure of these concepts on the everyday life of the individual. The fourth part issues the research design and methodology capturing the everyday life narratives of Esenler Havaalanı neighbourhood - Turkey's first urban transformation Project under the Law of Transformation of Areas Under the Disaster Risks numbered 6306. Ethnographic approaches, particularly 'narrative' or 'life histories' that are fed from everyday life stories and focusing on the foundations of traditional social behaviors are used as the research method. The basis of the research is oral histories through the composition of participant observation, which is based on direct observation of everyday life, and notes taken during interviews that are based on everyday life experiences. In the fifth part, the research findings on the everydaylife narratives of Esenler Havaalanı neighbourhood are presented, and by concentrating on the changing everydaylife in transforming cities, the impact of urban transformation on the reproduction of everydaylife practice is discussed within the frame of a single family's narratives focusing on standardization, amnesia and alienation, individualization and isolation. In conclusion, the contribution of this study is to correlate the space and the place gained in everyday life studies by individual life that is affected by the notion of "transformation of space." Every piece of land, where the pressure for transformation is felt, face reproduction. The new living space setups produced as consumption centers drag individuals into a new system that they are not used to and grain individuals' current life experiences in that system. Spaces produced with the new city and new society concerns ignore the relationship between the concepts of individual and society with space, and cause the city to lose its meaning. It is seen that ignoring the story of the society will reveal more knotty problems in the long run and create new discussions in the urban space. The narrative of Esenler Havaalanı Mahallesi has shown that the operability of the information provided by the conceptual framework on the social system is debatable. It is known that urban transformation causes many economic and social problems such as segregation, gentrification, and displacement in society. However, informations obtained through the oral histories of families remained incapable to mirror the society. In consideration of the informations obtained from the observations and interviews, it is safe to say that a society structure that is lonely and prone to individualization created by the modernization discussed in the current situation is shaped by gender and as so by generations in different geographies, as in the case of Esenler Havaalanı Neighbourhood. Moreover, it is emphasized that it is necessary to perceive the negative impacts of the individualization tendency, which is the basis of social studies in urban spaces, and to understand the importance of individuals' everyday lives for social studies. It is valuable to give individual a voice and to listen in terms of gaining perspectives. Lastly but not least, in the space transformation, every structure produced by ignoring the individual setup, the patterns of relationship with her/his environment, the culture and traditional structure s/he has, is produced as a product of capital. Cities owe their unique spatial characteristics to their existing cultural and social structures. Intervention to the urban space or the society living in it and the change in the original texture will begin to similarize the space and society and will not compensate the old social and physical texture. Individuals today, who are forced to move implicity or explicitly, will continue their old lives in a new place in the urban space. It will not be possible to get out of the cycle of transformation unless the individual is heard.
Açıklama
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2020
Anahtar kelimeler
Sosyal değişim,
Social change,
Kent yenileme,
Urban renewal,
Kentleşme,
Urbanization,
Kent planlama,
City planning