Türkiye'nin Uluslararası Deniz Ticari Taşımacılığı Politikasının Stratejik Yönetim Modellemesi İle Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığı, Türkiye'nin bu sektördeki yeri ve bu analizlerden yararlanarak Türkiye'nin denizcilik politikasının oluşturulması tüm boyutlarıyla incelenmektedir. Türkiye'nin sektördeki konumu sebep ve sonuçlarıyla irdelenmekte ve bu sebeple üç tarafı denizlerle çevrili, gelişmekte olan bir ekonomiye sahip olan Türkiye'nin bu sektörde gelişebilmesi ve dünyada önemli bir konuma gelebilmesi için çeşitli hedefler saptanmaktadır. Bu hedefler denizcilik politikasını belirlemek için stratejik yönetim modellemesi ile oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma yedi ana bölümden ve bu bölümlere bağlı alt bölümlerden ve başlıklardan oluşmaktadır. Deniz ticari taşımacılığının uluslararası alandaki konumu ve gelişimi ile; Türkiye'nin deniz ticari taşımacılığı gelişimi, mevcut durumu ve diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırılması, analizlerle ve istatistiksel verilerle desteklenmektedir. Bu veriler sayesinde de stratejik yönetim modellemesi oluşturulmuş ve Türkiye'nin denizcilik politikası belirlenmiştir. Birinci bölüm giriş bölümü olup, çalışmaya ana hatlarıyla bir giriş yapılmış ve çalışmanın öneminden bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, konuyla alakalı daha önce yapılan benzer çalışmalara değinilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığından bahsedilmekte, taşımacılık ve taşımacılık çeşitleri incelenmektedir. Uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığını etkileyen gemiler, bayrak unsuru, limanlar, terminaller ve denizcilik piyasaları gibi konulardan söz edilmektedir. Ton ve tonaj kavramları açıklanmakta ve uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığının önemi, fonksiyonları ve tarihsel gelişimi ana hatlarıyla verilmektedir. Son olarak da, uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığının günümüzdeki mevcut durumu analiz ve istatistiklerle yansıtılmaktadır. Dördüncü bölümde, Türkiye'nin deniz ticari taşımacılığı incelenmektedir. Türkiye'deki deniz ticari taşımacılığının tarihsel gelişimi anlatılmakta; Osmanlı dönemi, Cumhuriyet dönemi ve 2000'li yıllardan sonraki dönemler ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Tarihsel gelişimden sonra da Türkiye'deki deniz ticari taşımacılığının mevcut durumundan bahsedilmekte ve bu konumu etkileyen çeşitli unsurlardan söz edilmektedir. Bu unsurlarla ilgili analiz ve istatistiksel verilerden yararlanılmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde, Türkiye'nin uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığında dünyadaki ve çevresindeki bazı ülkelerle karşılaştırılması yapılmaktadır. Bu bölümde, çok çeşitli analizler ve istatistiksel yöntemler kullanılmakta ve yapılan karşılaştırmalar sonucunda Türkiye'nin sektördeki konumu gözler önüne serilmektedir. Altıncı bölümde, strateji kavramından ve stratejik yönetim modellemesinden bahsedilmektedir. Daha önceki bölümlerde tespit edilen hususların yardımıyla Türkiye'nin uluslararası deniz ticari taşımacılığı politikası, stratejik yönetim modeli ile oluşturulmakta ve bu modelden yararlanarak çeşitli analiz ve değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır. Yedinci bölümünde ise; çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ve sonuçlardan bahsedilmektedir. Bunlardan yararlanarak da, Türkiye'nin denizcilik poitikasının belirlenmesi için çeşitli tavsiyelerde bulunulmaktadır.

In this dissertation; international seaborne trade, Turkey's position in the sector and determining Turkey's maritime policy with the help of these analysis is researched within all details. Turkey's position in the sector is studied with its causes and consequences. Targets are stated by means of this for Turkey's improvement and reaching to an important position in this sector. As it is known Turkey is surrounded by the seas around her three sides and has a progressing economy. These targets are formed to determine Turkey's international seaborne trade with the strategic management modelling. The dissertation is formed with seven main chapters, sub - chapters and titles that are attached to main chapters. Seaborne trade's position in international field and progress, Turkey's seaborne trade progress, status and comparison with other countries are all supported with analysis and statistical datas. With the help of these data, strategic management modelling has been identified and Turkey's maritime policy has been formed. The first chapter is the introduction chapter and an entrance has been made to the study with basic titles and the importance of the study has been mentioned. In the second chapter, some other similar researchs are mentioned that are related with this dissertation's title. In the third chapter, international seaborne trade is noticed and transportation types are examined. The transportation types are categorized into six groups. The groups are roadway transportation, airway transportation, railway transportation, pipeline transportation, communication and transmission and finally waterway transportation. The subjects like the vessels, flag issue, ports and terminals are explained after transportation types. Later, maritime markets which affect international seaborne trade are talked about. These markets are grouped into four categories like freight markets, secondhand ship markets, shipyard and ship building markets and lastly ship dismantling markets. After that, ton and tonnage terms are expressed. Following that, international shipborne trade's types are told. The types are tramp transportation, regular lines transportation, inland transportation and cabotage transportation. Later that, international seaborne trade's emphasis, functions and the organizations that drive international seaborne trade are shown. After, international seaborne trade's historical development are given in outlines. This part is divided into two groups. The first part is about the development before 20th century and the second part is the development within and after 20th century. Finally, international seaborne trade's current status is reflected with analysis and statistics in third chapter. In the fourth chapter, Turkey's seaborne trade is studied. Seaborne trade's historical development in Turkey is told. The period before Ottomans, the Ottoman period,Republic period and the period after 2000s are handled in detail. The period in 2000s is divided into four groups. They are; the relationship between seaborne trade and foreign trade, the improvement of Turkey's ports, the improvement of cabotage transportation and the fuel subsidies' effects into development. After historical progress; seaborne trade's current status and position in Turkey theme is talked about and some elements are mentioned which affect this status and position. That is benefited from analysis and statistical datas that are related with these elements. These elements are clustered into three groups. They are; the ships with Turkish flag and foreign flag, world seaborne trade's fleet and the position of Turkey's seaborne trade's fleet in recent years. In the fifth chapter, Turkey's comparison in international seaborne trade is made with some countries in the world and Turkey's close region. In this chapter, many analytical and statistical methods are used and Turkey's position is determined after this comparison's result. This chapter is divided into two groups. The first group is the comparison of Turkey with the countries that are the neighbors of Turkey and the countries situated near Turkey. The second group is the comparison of Turkey with the the other countries of the world. In the sixth part, strategic management modelling and the maritime policy is determined with the help of the issues that are talked about in the previous chapters. The strategic management modelling is explained in the first part of the chapter. The relationship between strategic analysis and maritime policy is talked about in the second section. After this relation, establishment of strategic management modelling is expressed. This modelling is formed within three steps. In step one; mission, vision and targets are identified. In step two; SWOT analysis has been made. In this step, two analysis which internal environment analysis and external analysis are made. With the help of these, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the Turkish international seaborne trade are analyzed. In step three, AHP modelling is formed and the best alternative has been chosen. This part is concluded by two subgroups. The first subgroup is the hierarchical form and establishment of this form and the second group is the dual comparisons in AHP modelling. After the steps, the application and findings part is talked about. This part has two subtitles. The first one is the application part and the second one is the findings and the discussion part. In the final part of the sixth chapter, the strategic management modelling has been made into Turkey's international seaborne trade. Three surveys are made to eight experts. These experts are successful people in maritime sector. With the help of these surveys; the criteria, subcriteria and alternatives are formed. The alternatives are GF (strenghts - opportunities), GT (strenghts - threats), ZF (weaknesses - opportunities) and ZT (weaknesses - threats). The criteria are G (strenghts), Z (weaknesses), F (opportunities) and T (threats). The subcriteria are G1 (the Turkey's surroundance by seas with three sides), G3 (the population in Turkey interested in sea jobs and hobbies), G5 (the level of the some organizations of Turkey that ensure the maritime safety and security), Z1 (the lack of Turkey's maritime trade's historical past), Z3 (the lack of advanced academic personnel in Turkey that train people in maritime studies), Z5 (the lack of organizations in high-class maritime training in Turkey), F1 (the improvements of economical and commercial issues near Turkey's region), F4 (the high probability of order taking in ship building industry), F5 (the international agreements and cooperations of usage of the resources that are under ground and over ground of the seas near Turkey), T1 (the lack of security near the seas of Turkey), T3 (the lack of the ports and marines in Turkey that can't handle enough ships and yatchs) and T4 (the economic shocks in Turkish maritime sector). And after this formation AHP analysis is made and the best alternative for determining Turkey's international seaborne trade policy has been made. The best alternative is the GF alternative. In the seventh part, findings and results are talked about after this research. Some suggestions are made to improve Turkey's seaborne trade regarding these results. It is concluded that GF is the best alternative that can determine Turkey's international seaborne trade policy. With the help of this alternative, the targets that will drive Turkey from mission to vision can be realized.