Effective drug design screening in bacterial glycolytic enzymes via targeting alternative allosteric sites

Abstract

Three glycolytic enzymes phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) that belong to Staphylococcus aureus were used as targets for screening a dataset composed of 7229 compounds of which 1416 were FDA-approved. Instead of catalytic sites, evolutionarily less conserved allosteric sites were targeted to identify compounds that would selectively bind the bacteria's glycolytic enzymes instead of the human host. Seven different allosteric sites provided by three enzymes were used in independent screening experiments via docking. For each of the seven sites, a total of 723 compounds were selected as the top 10 % which displayed the highest binding affinities. All compounds were then united to yield the top 54 drug candidates shared by all seven sites. Next, 17 out of 54 were selected and subjected to in vitro experiments for testing their inhibition capability for antibacterial growth and enzymatic activity. Accordingly, four compounds displaying antibacterial growth inhibition above 40 % were determined as Candesartan cilexetil, Montelukast (sodium), Dronedarone (hydrochloride) and Thonzonium (bromide). In a second round of experiment, Candesartan cilexetil and Thonzonium displayed exceptionally high killing efficiencies on two bacterial strains of S.aureus (methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant) with concentrations as low as 4 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL. Yet, their enzymatic assays were not in accordance with their killing effectiveness. Different inhibitory effects was observed for each compound in each enzymatic assay. A more effective target strategy would be to screen for drug compounds that woud inhibit a combination of glycolytic enzymes observed in the glycolytic pathway.