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ÖgeThe role of the visual culture on the formation of architectural design taste "Examining the representation of interiors in the illustrated periodicals from mid-19th to the late 20th century"(Graduate School, 2022-07-06)This thesis study aims to examine the evolution of interior design practice with a more holistic understanding by analyzing the role that the visual culture plays in the emergence of taste, which canalizes the design culture directly. The visual culture comes out of the image-based mediums that act as ideological tools utilized by various actors in all political, sociological, and disciplinary realms. Also, the undeniable presence of spatial representations in these mediums provides a substantial source to trace the relations between all these domains. Thus, it enables us to detect the effect of these multi-dimensional relations on the interior architectural discipline regarding continuities and discontinuities between diverse disciplines, as well as the cultural interactions. In other words, the fact that the space phenomenon turns into a notion generated by the visual tools and the ideological reasons underlying them, besides being a physical phenomenon represented by the same visual mediums, constitutes the main motivation of this study. When analyzing the representation process of space in image-based publications, it can be seen that space has simultaneously appeared with the production of images in printings. The reason behind this simultaneity is that space hasn't been only the practice of construction directed by professionals from the design practice, but also it is an evolving notion as part of advancing techniques, and ideational shifts. As the way of thinking and living of individuals and societies change, the space phenomenon goes into change. Especially after the 19th century, which can be regarded as the period of changes, alterations began to occur both in the economic realm that is related to the advancements in technology and production systems and included many social and political transformations that had taken place globally. This multi-dimensional aspect of the evolutions in the world's history dating to a certain period was demonstrated physically and concretized with several tools, two of which are space phenomenon and printed media. Therefore, these multi-dimensional alterations make it possible to investigate the interiors through visual representations, which is the foremost communication tool of the age, while transforming the space by ideological concerns and physiological advancements. Furthermore, from the late 19th century to the end of the 20th century, before the digital publishing era, periodicals not only work as interfaces of social practices but also enable to create, shape, promote, and disseminate the ideologies beyond just being communication tools for communities and individuals. Therefore, the definition of ideology in this study refers to a twofold terminology that gathers either communal acceptance as well as being a top-down process acted by political power. However, ideologies as a set of ideas, that determine the behavior of political, or social groups and individuals, need physical references to be expressed or represented in this new spreading media. The space phenomenon has taken part among the references reflecting ideologies in the new communication realm as already in the physical environment. On the other hand, interior space images existing in the non-disciplinary field are not often integrated within the scope of interior design historiography. However, before the specialization in the 20th century, designing interiors was an actual practice performed by people from the upper-middle class and manufacturers. Thus when we trace the formation of interiors in other genres out of the disciplinary realm, the gap in the historical timeline of interior space appears as a significant threshold. Accordingly, this thesis study proposes that the history of interior design practice, which is read in a major framework over the architectural profession, should be examined from a wider perspective that includes all the joined disciplinary inputs. When analyzing the periodicals, several parameters were specified to categorize the mediums according to the repetitive motives that became visible in publications. For instance, ideological concerns, technical and technological advancements, gendered discourse, and interior space with its components as part of professional recognition appear as repetitive motives in the illustrated periodicals. Accordingly, the publications divided into three main historical processes, which are pre-war, inter-war, and post-war period, have been classified into three main themes that are the political atmosphere of each period focusing on dominant ideology, a public realm that mainly includes gendered discourse, and professional recognition. Also, ideological concerns that emerge as a prerequisite of this transmission process will be clarified within the framework of request for an egalitarian society and assertions of rights by the public, the realization of modern identities, and standardization of the taste created on a global scale in connection with consumer society. As an output of the study, it will be revealed the relation of visual representations as being ideological tools with the evolution process of design practice over interiors. This research also supports the thesis that interior space has a higher autonomy to reshape itself rapidly in terms of responding to changing trends, styles, as well as production mechanisms, and promotion. Moreover, this thesis will provide alternative historiography of interior design practice by analyzing the depictions of interiors on printed periodicals spreading over almost 130 years period.
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Ögeİç mimarlık eğitiminde fotografik temsilin interdisipliner tabanlı alternatif bir mekan analiz aracı olarak ele alınması(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-10-04)Bu çalışma, fotoğraf olgusunun ve araçsallığının iç mimarlık disiplininde bir ifade, öğreti, anlatı ve analiz aracı olarak kullanılabilmesi potansiyelinin araştırılması ve bu potansiyelin güncel iç mimarlık eğitiminde yer alması gerektiği savı üzerinden temellenmektedir. Bu sav doğrultusunda, fotoğrafın ortaya çıkışıyla beraber geçirdiği evrim, çalışma biçimi ve mekanla olan etkileşimi araştırılmaktadır. Fotoğrafın ortaya çıkışıyla beraber mekan ve fotoğraf sürekli etkileşim içinde olmuş, günümüzde de olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu etkileşim, modern dönemin mimarlık fotoğrafçıları, fotoğraf teknikleri ve eğilimleri bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Modern dönemle beraber mimari tavırdaki ve tasarım yaklaşımlarındaki dönüşüm, dönemin öne çıkan mimarlık ve tasarım okullarında da görülmüş ve görsel iletişim için üretilen ifade biçimleri eğitim programları içinde yer almıştır. Bu bağlamda, güncel iç mimarlık eğitimine katkı sunması beklenerek, modern dönemin mimarlık ve tasarım okullarının fotografik temsil ve ifade araçlarını kullanma biçimleri ve eğilimleri incelenmiştir. İç mimarlık, görsel algı ve görme eyleminin duyusal olarak ön planda olduğu bir disiplindir. Dolayısıyla iç mimarlık eğitiminde öğrencilerin öznel bir görme ve ifade biçimi; mekansal bir bakış ve içgörü mekanizması; eleştirel ve pragmatik bir görü oluşturmaları beklenmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, iç mimarlık öğrencilerinin ifade biçim ve eğilimlerini ortaya çıkarabilecek/geliştirebilecek bir iç mekan analiz yaklaşımı önerisi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında önerilen yaklaşım, tezin kuramsal çerçevesini oluşturan mekansal ve fotografik üretimlerin ilişkisi; mimarlığın görsel temsili; tasarım ve mimarlık öğretilerinde fotografik imgenin önemi ve fotoğrafın mekanla var olan ilişkisi üzerinden temellenmiştir. Konuyla ilgili teorik araştırmalar, okumalar ve tartışmalara ek olarak, iç mimarlık öğrencilerinin katılımcı olarak yer aldığı alan çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu alan çalışması için fotografik araç ve yöntemlerin baz alındığı iki aşamalı bir egzersiz tasarlanmıştır. Bu egzersizlerin operasyonel adımları ve mekanizması yapılandırılmış bir alıştırma olarak iç mimarlık tasarım stüdyosu öğrencileri ile test edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada önerilen mekan analiz yaklaşımının ve geliştirilen mekan fotoğrafı tabanlı deneysel çalışmanın, iç mimarlık bölümü lisans öğrencilerinin iç mekana bakışı, iç mekanı görme ve kavrama becerileri ile mekan bileşenleri ve atmosferinin algılanması, analizi ve deşifre edilmesinde içgörü becerilerini pozitif yönde etkilemesi hedeflenmekte ve önerilen yaklaşımın güncel iç mimarlık müfredatına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
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ÖgeSpatialization of fun: Nocturnal heterotopias from counter-society to cyber-society(Graduate School, 2022-06-10)In the main structure of the thesis, it is aimed to determine the fun, which is an important but overlooked part of human life, the social unity that has an important place in the formation of entertainment, and the places that will provide this unity. After the Second World War, with the change of perspective on entertainment, entertainment has become an expression of freedom. However, although the libertarian aura of leisure time manifests itself in the historical process, in order to maintain the stability of the capitalist system, it took control by promoting its own leisure time in order to manage people whose working times were shortened and their leisure time increased with the industrial revolution. In this case, leisure time has ceased to be an area of individual emancipation and personal development and has become a part of the economic system. Individuals have been transformed into a society that is directed to consumption and can be managed within a passive perception of leisure. Perceiving this situation as a problem, when the space typologies that are entertainment-oriented, opposing the capitalist economy, and creating temporary societies are examined with a retrospective view, it has been observed that night spaces arising from the countercultural and countercultural perspective appear as a salvation space. Accordingly, the periodical counterculture types that emerged from the 60s, which was a breaking point for the freedom struggle, and the countercultural nocturnal spaces of those periods were examined in the context of heterotopia with their temporary and contradictory nature. Although the existence of these places is sometimes quite short, considering their overlap with social and political events and technological developments, they have been quite effective in the cultural framework in the long term. Since most of the places examined within the scope of the thesis are located in the past and the ones that remain today have undergone a lot of change, in order to stick to the cultural framework they expressed, the places were interpreted architecturally in the light of literature, documentaries, photographs, and information obtained from the memories of former regulars, and their spatial diagrams were produced. Then, the characteristic examination and atmospheric extraction of these places were carried out. It is important for the people having fun to accept the space they are in so that they can feel safe and liberated, for this the space must coincide with the individual's vision of fun. This situation arises from the relationship of perception with memory and emotions. The sensory stimuli received from the place reach the consciousness by combining with the emotions and memories of the person and determine whether the experience is positive or negative. If the ethos of the place coincides with the user's perception of entertainment, a positive experience for the user emerges. This is the spatial manifestation of the feeling of happiness created by entertainment. Although various findings have been obtained for the physical presence of the space in the studies on emotions and space, it is the atmosphere of the space that creates these feelings in the architecture of the party, so the architectural qualities should remain in the background. Atmospheric parameters obtained from the examined heterotopias were determined as sound, darkness, bodies, temperature/humidity, and smoke/fog. The important thing in entertainment venues is that all these atmospheric parameters can exist simultaneously and in harmony with each other. This simultaneity can be explained by the regenerative and retribalizing properties of experience and the instantaneous architecture where space disappears and time stops. All parameters must be in harmony and simultaneous to provide the atmosphere for the formation of this instant architecture. Within the scope of the study, while the existence of the current manifestations of counterculture and nightlife habits was examined, cyberculture was reached. From this point of view, it is examined that an individual who was socially isolated and in global desperation during the pandemic process turned his home into a resistance area as an area of liberation while participating in virtual parties. For this, the researcher was involved in the research in an autoethnographic way and discovered the Dutch-based Distance Disco, a platform where the participants she followed by participating in 51 different events could transform their interiors over time and create a new community. In the field research part of the thesis, the reflection of entertainment and nightlife on houses, which is a personal space, is examined. Individuals who returned to their homes due to the Covid-19 pandemic, which affected the whole world, produced alternative socialization and nightlife practices. Thus, the spatiality needed for a virtual house party in the digital age, the transformation of one's own interior for this purpose, and the transformation of the concept of a house party in parties made over virtual platforms have been observed. For this reason, the research was carried out with two methods: a questionnaire measuring the accuracy of previous spatial and atmospheric parameters, and semi-structured interviews about the use of the house in virtual parties. As a result of the survey, users prefer places that will create emotions such as excitement, dynamism and joy in night places, but the findings related to the space typologies theorized over these emotions have not been established sufficiently. The measurement of atmospheric parameters, on the other hand, was provided in a healthier way, and it was revealed that only the fog/smoke parameter was not preferred as in the study. These findings make the hypothesis of instant interior space, spaces whose existing architecture is rendered invisible with atmosphere, expressed in the main structure of the thesis correct. Apart from this, the participants, who use part of their homes for virtual parties, briefly stated that they hide their existing character by darkening the spaces in their homes and transforming them by using atmospheric elements. Similar findings were obtained in semi-structured interviews conducted for in-depth analysis. As a final word, most virtual parties and entertainment types lack sensory experience and can currently only provide an auditory and visual experience. Indeed, virtual parties have not emerged to replace physical ones but offer a new kind. It is possible that this new type will offer multisensory experience with the advancement of technology. For this reason, virtual party platforms, which are periodically preferable at the end of the pandemic, can become an experience that can become a part of daily life with the development of technology. In fact, it is possible to create modular virtual party areas inside the houses in the future.