LEE- Hidrolik ve Su Kaynakları Mühendisliği-Yüksek Lisans
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ÖgeNumerical modelling of wave induced soil liquefaction around buried pipelines and cables(Graduate School, 2022-01-17)In this thesis at first, the concept of soil liquefaction is researched in terms of physics, and the reasons & consequences of this phenomenon are investigated. Besides, the conditions (occurrence in which type of loadings, in which type of soils, and so on.) that cause this phenomenon is mentioned. In short, there are two different types of liquefaction failure of soil; residual and momentary liquefaction. Then, both type of liquefaction is mentioned. However, in this thesis, the residual liquefaction of soil is investigated for the design aspects of submarine pipelines and offshore cables. Besides, the effect of this phenomenon on the structures especially buried objects is scrutinized in many ways. Then generally, it is stated that the buried objects heavier than the liquefied soil sink deeper in the soil, while lighter objects float to the surface when the soil is liquefied. These are called sinking and floatation failures too. In addition, numerous articles and research about this failure are reviewed in the literature. In these researches, the mechanism of the marine soil, the liquefaction/compaction process of the soil (life cycle of the soil), the stress-strain relationship of the soil under loadings, and the relevant conditions (wave or earthquake loading, soil type, so on) are stated in this thesis as theoretical (with analytical & numerical models) and experimental works. Particularly, the disturbance effect on the soil by buried objects such as offshore pipelines/cables is scrutinized comprehensively based on the relevant articles.
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ÖgeDisaggregation of future climate projection data to generate future rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves to assess climate change impacts(Graduate School, 2021-04-03)A heavy increase in urbanization, industrialization, and population is causing an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Increment in GHG emissions causes variations in the atmosphere and in climate conditions. Climate change is one of the most serious reasons for extreme climate events such as high global temperature, extremely heavy rainfall events, and high evapotranspiration. According to many studies, climate change impacts will intensify in the future. As a result of this, heavy rainfall events tend to enhance. In our case extreme rainfall events, which are responsible for flooding events, were considered. Since flooding is influencing urban areas acutely, controlling and management of flooding is a major necessity for cities. Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves play a huge role in representing rainfall characteristics by linking the intensity, duration, and frequency of rainfall. These curves give the expected rainfall intensity in duration (5, 10, 15, 30 min.; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours) and in a return period (2, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years). Hence, IDF curves are used in many water-related applications such as water management, designing of infrastructure, drainage, culverts, gutters, and also flood forecasting. However, current IDF curves are generated based on historical rainfall events. These IDF curves are considered stationary since they only consider historical events. The increase in GHG leads to variations in climate, especially in rainfall behaviors. Thus, IDF curves must catch the changes in rainfall intensities, in other words, they must be non-stationary and time-varying based. This study updates IDF curves to assess future climate conditions. For the study, six meteorological stations from Istanbul (Florya, Goztepe, Sariyer, Sile, Omerli and Canta) were selected as study areas. As a consequence, cities will be prepared for upcoming extreme events, hence possible damages will be decreased. A Global Climate Model (GCM) HadGEM2-ES generated under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios were used in the study to represent future rainfall in daily form. 1-min and hourly rainfall data were provided by the Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS). HYETOS disaggregation model was applied to both historical and future rainfall data to obtain sub-hourly data (also hourly for future rainfall). Since GCMs are not suitable to use directly due to biases, the distribution mapping method was selected as a bias-correction method. The Gumbel model was applied to annual maximum rainfall to generate IDF curves. Finally, historical and future IDF curves, IDF curves generated under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and also IDF curves generated using disaggregated historical data and observed IDF curves provided by TSMS were compared. The study concluded that rainfall intensities increase under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios compared to historical IDF curves. Besides, RCP8.5 has higher rainfall intensities when compared to rainfall intensities of RCP4.5.