LEE- Uydu Haberleşme ve Uzaktan Algılama-Yüksek Lisans

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http://hdl.handle.net/11527/19487

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Konu "5G" ile LEE- Uydu Haberleşme ve Uzaktan Algılama-Yüksek Lisans'a göz atma
  • Öge
    Design and simulation of fractal-based ring antennas for 5G wireless communications
    (Graduate School, 2022-12-02) Altaleb, Abdulazeez Ethar ; Eker, Sebahattin ; 705181001 ; Satellite Communications and Remote Sensing
    After the rolling-out of 5G communication systems the development of smaller and more effective components is still ongoing since it is always important to keep up with the development of the technology, therefore smaller compact and easy-to-fabricate components are the main aim of the scientific community these days. Since the 5G systems are somehow smaller than the old systems' components it arises the fact that the newly- designed components have to have space limitations during the design stages. In this work, by focusing on two of the main 5G bands which are the bands centered on 3.5 GHz and 7GHz three types of antennas were designed and implemented by using CST Microwave studio simulator. The antennas were designed using the fractal concept, characterized by space-filling and self-similarity, so there is no need for extra space when we already have a limited one. The design of the first antenna started by designing a cut-angles rectangular patch antenna that propagates at 3.5 GHz, then by copying and then scaling down the same patch and later subtracting it from the main patch we got a single ring cut-angles rectangular patch antenna that propagates at 3.5 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -19 dB and a gain of 2dBi. The second antenna was created by scaling down the full ring of the first antenna and creating a similar inner ring that propagates at 7 GHz center frequency and has a bandwidth between 6.25-8.1 GHz, this antenna can propagate at two different 5G frequency bands centered at 3.5 GHz and 7 GHz respectively. This antenna has a reflection coefficient S11 of around -20 dB for both bands' resonant frequencies and a gain of 2.29 dBi and 2.51 dBi for the two bands at their center frequency. All these antennas have a microstrip feeding line with a length of 16 mm which is equal to something around λ/4 of the first band's center frequency, all the antennas have an FR-4 substrate thickness of 1 mm and a width of the feeding line of 1.6 mm so that together they provide a 50-ohm impedance at the input port which assure that most of the input port's waves are being propagated. Finally, to increase the gain a 4x1 antenna array was designed to propagate at the same bands, this array has two feeding ports that are designed in an inverted way to improve the matching between the array elements, each port is connected to only two propagating elements by a tree-shaped λ/4 length microstrip has a reflection coefficient of around -45 dBi and -35 dB for both bands at their center frequencies, respectively. This array antenna also has a gain for the 3.5Ghz centered band of 5.64 dBi for port 1 and 5.648 dBi for port 2, and for the 7 GHz band, the gain was equal to 8.39 dBi and 8.4 dBi for port 1 and port 2, respectively.
  • Öge
    Performance of 5G codes over a noisy channel
    (Graduate School, 2022) Sanfaz, Mohamed ; Helvacı, Mustafa ; 713268 ; Satellite Communication and Remote Sensing Programme
    At present, the need for mobile internet keeps increasing every day, especially with the rise of IoT devices, as it's estimated that by the year 2025, there will be more than 5 billion IoT devices connected to the network. For wireless mobile communication, a huge bandwidth is needed to adapt the different rates for different applications. The 5G network will provide lower latency and also achieve higher speeds than previous networks. In 5G wireless communication, both turbo codes and tail-biting convolutional codes failed to meet 5G standards even though they proved their efficiency for the LTE standard. In 5G, a more advanced error correction method is needed for both LDPC codes and polar codes, specifically LDPC codes dealing with data channels and polar codes dealing with control channels. As error correction and detection are the main requirements for 5G wireless communication, the BER performance against the (Eb/NO) performance is really important as you don't want to lose almost any transmitted block. One of the methods used to check BER against EB/NO was to check an un-coded signal under various types of modulation, from BPSK up to 256 QAM; the higher the modulation, the worse the BER against EB/NO performance was getting. With 5G packing more data now, even higher than 256 QAM is possible. A performance test of the codes that are being used in 5G has been simulated here. As is customary, the higher the modulation, the worse the BER against EB/NO. A 5G-NR scenario has been performed using BPSK modulation with an AWGN channel to demonstrate how the codes perform under the best modulation scenario. The 5G standard has been applied to both codes as base graph 1 and base graph 2 have been used for LDPC at different code rates. The same goes for polar as channels are in sequential order from worst to best as specified in the standard. The hardware performance for 5G is very challenging, so a single decoder has been used in both codes, with quantization implemented in both of them. As a result of simulations of BER at both codes, different plots have been shown. For LDPC codes, performance iterations had a noticeable improvement in BER levels starting at 10 iterations to 20 iterations and from 20 to 30 iterations. Not a huge BER improvement was seen, so 20 iterations have been implemented as the main iteration number for most of the graphs. For LDPC codes, both base graphs were used. For rate half, with midsize block BG1, had a better performance; for rates 2/3 and 5/6, rate 2/3 had an overall better performance compared to rate 5/6, with 4096 block size providing the best results in both rates. As for polar codes, successive cancelation was implemented for 256 and 512 block sizes with different rates. The lower the block size, the better the results were obtained for polar codes.