LEE- Elektrik Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı
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Sustainable Development Goal "Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure" ile LEE- Elektrik Mühendisliği Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
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ÖgeData-driven prediction and emergency control of transient stability in power systems towards a risk-based optimal power flow operation(Graduate School, 2022-09-30) Jafarzadeh, Sevda ; Genç, V. M. İstemihan ; 504172009 ; Electrical EngineeringCost-efficient and reliable operation of power systems is one of the main concerns of the utilities. The large disturbances and major blackouts occurred in last two decades such as the blackout that took place on 14 August 2003 in the Midwest and Northeast US have ruinous and costly effect for millions of customers. The development of a proper stability prediction and control scheme for an emergency condition is the main objective of this study. In this study, a novel framework using two different approaches is proposed and investigated for real-time transient stability prediction (TSP) in power systems where the signals obtained from PMUs are utilized. The first proposed method is based on signal processing and machine learning approaches which take the computed energy of PMU signals in a window of measurements as an input to a classifier to predict the stability of the system. Several types of classifiers, which are multi-layered perceptrons (MLPs), decision trees (DT), and Naïve Bayes (NB) classifiers, are employed. Two alternative approaches of choosing the window of measurements used for TSP are developed, where an MLP-based fault detection process is also proposed to form the proper window of measurements. One approach is to use a fixed window of only post-fault measurements, whereas the other approach is to use an expanding window of measurements covering pre-fault, fault-on and post-fault stages. Utilization of the energy concept in TSP gives the flexibility to process signals in different sizes while providing predictions that are robust to measurement noises and missing data. It also makes feature selection methods directly applicable, making the TSP possible with fewer PMUs. The proposed methods are applied to two different test systems and a large-scale model of the Turkish power system. In the second approach, a novel methodology based on Koopman mode analysis is proposed to predict the transient stability of a power system in real-time. The method assesses the stability of the system based on a sliding sampling window of PMU measurements, and it detects the evolving instabilities by predicting future samples and investigating the computed Koopman eigenvalues. This approach is also able to identify alarm conditions, which include slowly evolving instabilities that may not be detected by predicting future samples in a limited time horizon. Identifying these conditions provides additional time to prepare a proper set of emergency control actions to be performed when necessary. Using the proposed method, groups of coherent generators that play a role in the evolving instabilities can also be identified, contributing to the design of a defensive islanding scheme for unstable cases. The efficacy of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulating its performance with three test systems of different scales. Economical operation condition of the power system and its reliability are two contradicting issues. Reliable operation of the power system can lead to a high-cost operation, while economical operation of the power system might result in an unreliable operation of the power system. In this thesis, a novel methodology for the optimal power flow in a power system is proposed to ensure its reliable and cost-effective operation. The methodology adopts a risk-constrained optimal power flow and develops an efficient procedure to design corrective control actions including load shedding and mechanical torque reduction of generators in emergency conditions using reinforcement learning (RL). Reinforcement learning is a type of decision making tool which enables us to determine a set of proper control actions for different operating conditions and contingencies and to implement them in real-time. Since the training process of the RL-based agent is excessively time-consuming for large power systems, because of the enormity of their actions' spaces, an approach based on dynamic mode decomposition which limits the action space during the training process of agent is proposed. The proposed scheme is implemented on two test systems including a small-sized two-area power system and the 127-bus WSCC test system. A considerable amount of operating costs of the power systems corresponds to the fuel cost of the generation units. Therefore, fuel-cost minimization of the power system plays a crucial role in the economic operation of the power system. Furthermore, various faults and contingencies on the power systems might cause irrecoverable results such as widespread blackouts and following loss of money. Considering both fuel cost and reliability level of the system, it can be concluded that it is crucial to provide an optimal power flow solution with acceptable reliability for a given loading condition. Accordingly, the risk level of the system's operating points should be investigated properly. In this study, instead of rotor angle trajectory-based severity indices, the cost of the emergency control action is taken as a severity of the contingency. Using the cost of emergency control actions provided by the trained reinforcement learning-based agent as risk of the operating point, a risk-based optimization problem has been formulated. Two optimization techniques are employed to find the solution of the formulated optimization problem. The first one is Genetic Algorithm, GA, which is one of the well-known populated-based optimization techniques and the second one is Hooke–Jeeves method which is one of the well-known examples of pattern search local approaches. In these algorithms, the candidate solutions are evaluated with both cost function and constraints. The optimum operating points with and without risk constraints has been obtained for the two area and 127-bus test systems using both Genetic algorithm and Hooke-Jeeves method and the results are discussed.
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ÖgeDNS big data processing for detecting customersbehaviour of isp using an optimized apache spark cluster(Graduate School, 2022-02-03) Alkhanafseh, Yousef ; Akıncı, T. Çetin ; 504191100 ; Electrical EngineeringDuring the past few decades, technology fields, especially Internet of Things (IoTs),have surpassingly evolved which in turn have contributed to great proliferation of datasources. Unfortunately, at that time, the available data processing tools in terms of va-riety and advancement were insufficient to analyze that huge data in a reasonable time.They suffered from several problems such as slowness, lack of comprehensiveness,limit size of clusters, high expense. These problems have constituted major obstaclesfor the progress and achievement in Big data field. Therefore, data has been unemployedfor a while. However, when its enormous benefits such as making smart decisions,saving time and cost, monitoring servers, improving performance, minimizing hiddencorrelations, and providing high quality reports have been closely realized, process-ing big data started to be prevalent. When dealing with big data, the most famousquestion that can be asked is "how can big data analysis make the enterprise jobs andbusiness better?". Currently, huge amounts of structured and unstructured data-sets,called as big data, have started to be processed by different types of companies suchas telecommunications, software and hardware, marketplaces, social media and so on.The current advanced services, hardware, and software have played an important rolein promoting big data processing by making its analysis faster, easier and inexpensive.It is important to know the difference between big data and traditional data sources.The main difference between them can be clearly noticed in data size, types, frequency,capturing speed, and used processing tools. Despite the current advanced technolo-gies, processing ExaByte (EB) or even YottaByte (YB) of data in an efficient way thatincludes the optimal usage of used system by completely utilizing its precise features isstill a challenge and need an expert who has a good mathematical background, knowl-edge of statistics, and superior experience in this field. Based on that, this thesis aims toprovide a comprehensive approach of setting up a system that consists of three differentstages which are collecting, processing, and visualizing huge amount of DNS data,daily of 1.3 TB, using an optimized YARN-based Apache Spark cluster. The process isachieved in two different clusters in terms of their place of establishment. The first onewas established on cloud by using Amazon Web Services Elastic MapReduce (AWSEMR) and the other one was established on local machines using Apache Ambari.Nevertheless, in this project, just the cloud cluster was discussed and reported in detail.The main goal of the one who was on cloud is to determine the features of neededmachines for local cluster. Moreover, it adequately made the understanding of ApacheSpark various configurations easier by trying each one of them with different values.Additionally, different structures of Python codes, especially related to Pyspark, weretried in different ways in order to specify the most efficient one. Initially, the thesisstarts by stating an extensive introduction that takes into consideration different sub-jects such as big data concepts, properties, sources, importance, future, limitations,challenges, and processing tools. Moreover, the architecture of the used DNS servers was thoroughly explained by stating their general purpose and their working principle.Similarly, under the title of data collecting, the project's main big data, DNS, andthe other used data-sets, which are Call Detail Record (CDR), Customer RelationshipManagement (CRM), Carrier-grade Network Address Translation (CGNAT), and IP-Blocks, were distinctly clarified by representing a sample of each one in separate tables.All these data-sets are encrypted and only the concerned authorities can understandits content. Then, an additional data-set that was captured from internet websites wasintroduced by representing a sample of it. A web scraping method has been talkedabout as well. There were more than one thousand URLs which can be classified inalmost 31 categories including education, games, VPNs, Services, banks, economy,etc. After that, several services that are utilized to process the data such as ApacheSpark, Yet Another Resource Negotiator (YARN), Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS), ZooKeeper, and Hive were briefly investigated by interpreting their impor-tance, working principle, architecture, and main configurations. Meticulously, ApacheSpark is the data processing engine in this project. On the other hand, HDFS and Hivewere used as general storages to save processed data-sets and metadata, respectively.Zookeeper is a service that is utilized in order to maintain centralized configuration in-formation and provide distributed synchronization. Other services such as AWS EMRand AWS s3 were also used in this project. AWS EMR is a platform that Apache Sparkclusters can be built on. AWS s3 is a cloud storage that was temporarily used for savingprocessed data-sets. Next, based on different factors, the differences between ApacheSpark APIs, which are Resilient Distributed Data-set (RDD), Dataframe, and Dataset,were concisely illustrated. Subsequently, a procedure of optimizing a YARN-basedApache Spark cluster was proposed by interpreting the used mathematical equationsand giving a detailed example of how to start the object of Apache spark in an optimalway. Both Apache Spark and YARN configurations that are related to applicationproperties, run-time environment and networking, shuffle behavior, compression andserialization, memory management, and execution behavior were extremely elaborated.Next, various experiments of processing data were done by using different cluster sizesthat started from small number of machines with a small amount of resources of RAMand vCores to huge ones with high number of machines and large amounts of RAM andvCores. These clusters were optimized based on the previously stated configurationsand the values that can be found on both Resourcemanager and Spark admin interfacewere exactly the same as the calculated ones that are related to the amount of RAM,number of vCores, number of containers, and parallel tasks which in turn confirms theefficient use of the available resources. As a result, about %95 of RAM and CPUs ofthe clusters were successfully utilized. On the other side, the results of the experimentswhich contain input data size, number of operations, execution time, and output datasize were efficiently reported. Based on these results, a local cluster that has the samefeatures of the most appropriate cluster that was obtained in the experiments, is locallyestablished. After that, the output DNS data was grouped based on specific schemaand saved in a compressed format which is Parquet that reduces the size of the dataapproximately four times. Then, it was transferred to an optimized Elasticsearch clusterwhich is established in order to make fast queries to the output data and visualize it byusing an interactive Kibana dashboard. The Elasticsearch cluster includes one masternode and two slave nodes. The indices of Elasticsearch were properly configured andsplit into small indices. Also, they were defined in a way that only uses needed featureswhich in turn leads to enhance and tune the work of disks. Captured visualizations have played a major role in determining useful information such as the situation of DNSservers, customers segmentations, distribution of DNS traffic across Turkey neighbor-hoods, types of customers, most visited categories, most used URLs, and suitable placesfor advertising. Eventually an application that is based on time siers forcasting wasmade. A sample of the output data was prepared to be used in a time series forecastingusing Facebook Prophet model which were selected after trying several models such asautoregression (AR), Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving-Average (SARIMA)and Vector Autoregression (VAR). However, only a comparison between VAR andFbprophet is discussed in this project. The main target of this prediction is defining thedensity of the used DNS servers, giving information about missed data, and providingapproximate information about the future of servers. The models were evaluated bycomparing the test data-set with prediction one and calculating its mean absolute error.It was almost %2.49 for Fbprophet. In short, some of this thesis achievements can beconcluded as providing solid knowledge about cloud computing systems and big datadifferent processing tools, performing various experiments on different clusters withdifferent sizes and resources, establishing local cluster based on these experiments,transforming daily of 1.3 TB of raw data into meaningful information, and making asystem for processing new data continuously. Furthermore, these processed informa-tive DNS data is used in a wide range of fields such as congestion prediction for DNSservers, classifying customers, enhancing content delivery network of some specificwebsites, running successful market advertising campaigns.
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ÖgeEvaluation of dielectric performance of high-temperature vulcanizing silicone rubber samples(Graduate School, 2023-01-19) Bilgiç, Taylan Özgür ; Kalenderli, Özcan ; 504191050 ; Electrical EngineeringElectricity has become a must-have rather than a need in our current times. In addition to holding a very important place in people's daily lives, it is also a great need in industrial facilities. An unplanned power outage causes huge financial losses for industrial facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to minimize power outages and to ensure a continuous generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. One of the reasons for power cuts is due to the material used. Interruptions occur due to faults in the distribution and transmission networks of electricity from the generation stage until it reaches more users. In the selection of the materials used here, it is necessary to choose according to the place and conditions where they will be used, and attention should be paid to their lifetime. In addition, when the materials used have better properties, these new materials should be used to prevent future failures. Insulators are used in transmission lines to provide insulation between the energy part and the ground. If there is a problem in one of the insulators in a transmission line, high short-circuit current will be drawn as there will be a short-circuit and a malfunction will occur in the system. This brings about the necessity to pay attention to the lifetime of the insulators and to be aware of the innovations. For this reason, traditional insulators, which are ceramic and glass ones, are replaced by silicone insulators. Silicone insulators are preferred because of their hydrophobic properties, their lightness, their resistance to impacts, their cheapness, ease of installation, protection of their properties at wide temperatures and electrical resistance. Malfunctions in insulators are generally caused by short-circuit currents due to environmental conditions, namely weather conditions such as rain, fog and snow. The reason for this is that the dirt accumulated on the surfaces of the insulators creates a conductive path together with the water formed on the surface due to these weather conditions. When this conductive path is created, a short circuit occurs and short circuit currents occur. Silicone insulators can help prevent this thanks to their hydrophobic properties. The flow of water from the surface of a silicone insulator that has not lost its hydrophobic feature does not form a path, it flows drop by drop. In this way, the formation of short-circuit current is prevented. In this study, high temperature vulcanizing (HTV) silicone rubber samples were investigated in 3 different experimental setups. The first experiment is the Inclined Plane Experiment. With this experiment, the trace and erosion resistance of HTV silicone samples are examined. The experiment was carried out in 3 different voltage types as AC, –DC and +DC and they were compared. For AC, –DC and +DC voltages, 4.5, 3.15 and 2.45 kV voltage values were tested, respectively. According to these voltage levels, the pre-resistances and the contaminant liquid flow rate were determined. A total of 5 samples has been used simultaneously in the experiment. In addition, the temperature measurements of the samples for 6 hours were taken with the help of a thermal camera. In the same way, leakage current data were obtained using the labview program. The second test was the corona discharge test. In this test, the hydrophobicity properties of HTV silicone samples were investigated. In this test, AC, –DC and +DC voltage types were tested in the same way. The voltage level required to create a corona discharge has been found through trials. 5 kV in AC voltage, 21 kV in –DC and +DC voltage was applied. In addition, tests were carried out at different temperatures and different pressures to examine the effect of ambient conditions on hydrophobicity. For each test, 2 samples were used and corona discharge was applied with needle electrodes at 3 points determined on each sample surface. As long as the discharge was applied to these 6 points and afterwards during the recovery of hydrophobicity, the roofs were photographed by dripping water drops at different times. In these photographs, the change of hydrophobicity was examined by finding the angles between the drop and the surface with the help of the program. This change was examined first as loss and then as recovery. As the third test, the dynamic drop test was performed. In this test, the hydrophobicity properties of HTV silicone samples were also investigated. In this test, AC, –DC and +DC voltage types were tested in the same way. A voltage level of 6 kV has been applied in 3 voltage types. Five samples were used for each test. In this test, samples are subjected to electrical stress with the help of 2 electrodes. A liquid is run over the surface of the samples. As a result of electrical stresses, samples lose their hydrophobic properties over time. While at first no accumulation or water path is formed on the surface of the samples during the liquid flow without losing the hydrophobic properties of the samples. As time passes and they start to lose their hydrophobicity, water drops form on the sample surface. Then, when they completely lose their hydrophobicity, a water path is formed. The innovative approach of this study is to use 3 different tests to examine the properties of HTV silicone rubber samples and to perform these 3 different tests at AC, –DC and +DC voltage types. But as a more important innovation, testing at different temperatures and different humidity is performed to examine the effect of ambient conditions in the corona discharge test. Insulators in transmission and distribution lines are located in the open air and are affected by the changes in air conditions. By performing tests at different temperatures and different humidity values and examining the hydrophobic behavior of the samples, information can be obtained about the hydrophobicity properties of silicone insulators under various climate environments including the characteristics of seasons such as summer and winter. When the inclined plane test was performed at 4.5 kV AC voltage, all 5 samples lasted 6 hours and passed the test. In the inclined plane test performed at AC voltage, the average temperature of the 5 samples was measured as 81.5 ˚C and the average of the maximum temperatures of the 5 samples was found to be 113 ˚C. At most, the 2nd sample reached a temperature of 133 ˚C. The average mass loss of 5 samples is 0.0496 grams. In the inclined plane test performed at 3.15 kV negative DC voltage, all 5 samples survived for 6 hours and passed the test. The average temperature of the 5 samples was found to be 242.81 ˚C and the average of the maximum temperatures of the 5 samples was found to be 549.45 ˚C. The 3rd and 4th samples reached a temperature of 670.09 ˚C, which is the highest temperature that can be measured. The average mass loss of 5 samples is 0.0828 grams. In the inclined plane test performed at 2.45 positive DC voltage, only the first sample survived for 6 hours and passed the test. The other 4 samples failed in less than two and a half hours because their erosion length exceeded the value specified in the standard. The first sample, on the other hand, did not cross the erosion length limit of 2.5 cm at the tip of 2.45 cm. But the greatest mass loss is in the 1st sample. The reason for this is that it has been dealing with a great erosion both transversely as well as longitudinally. The average mass loss of 5 samples is 0.85 grams. The mass loss of the 1st sample is also the highest with 1.23 grams. The average temperature value of 5 samples was found to be 98.95 ˚C. The average of the maximum temperatures of the 5 samples is 648.37 ˚C and the 1st sample has the smallest maximum temperature with 602.64 ˚C. As can be seen from these results, the best results were found at AC voltage and the worst results were found at +DC voltage. Recovery of hydrophobicity for HTV SIR samples in CDT for all 3 voltage types is best in high temperature, ie 30 °C temperature and 54% humidity ambient conditions. In the recovery of hydrophobicity, the worst case in all three voltage types is at low temperature, that is, at 18 °C and 54% humidity. In hydrophobicity loss, the worst ambient condition was found to be high temperature in all three voltage types. The best condition for loss of Hydrophobicity in AC and positive DC voltage is low humidity, ie 24 ˚C temperature and 45% humidity. The best condition for loss of hydrophobicity at negative DC voltage is low temperature. Although the samples tested at high temperature gave the worst results in terms of hydrophobicity loss, the hydrophobicity loss rate is lower than the recovery rate. So the loss is more, but the recovery is even more. In the dynamic drop test, the lowest time for the 2nd sample at AC voltage is 116 minutes, the highest time is 212 minutes for the 4th sample, and the average of the 5 samples losing their hydrophobicity is 157.4 minutes. The lowest time at negative DC voltage is 45 minutes for the 2nd sample, the highest time is 239 minutes for the 4th sample, and the average of the 5 samples losing their hydrophobic properties is 124.2 minutes. At positive DC voltage, the lowest time for the 5th sample is 75 minutes, the highest time for the 2nd and 3rd samples is more than 720 minutes, and the average of the 5 samples losing their hydrophobic properties is 387.2 minutes. As can be seen from these results, the best results were found at +DC voltage and the worst results were found at –DC voltage. The time for the samples to lose their hydrophobic properties at AC voltage is close to each other and the standard deviation is the lowest with 42.34. Although the best results are obtained at +DC voltage, there is a great difference between the loss of hydrophobic properties of the samples.
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ÖgeFerroresonance fault detection in electric power networks by artificial neural networks(Institute of Science and Technology, 2020-07) Kulaklı, Gizem ; Akıncı, Tahir Çetin ; 650079 ; Department of Electrical EngineeringFerroresonance is a complicated nonlinear waving which can appear in electrical circuits with a series or parallel connection of nonlinear inductance and capacitance. Cause of the current of ferroresonance on the transmission line elements such as cables or transformers can be partially or completely damaged. This destruction not only creates huge material losses on the system but also creates unjust suffering. It is important for the sustainability of the system that a devastating error such as ferroresonance can be detected. If ferroresonance can detecting in advance prevent the loss of time and money for the user by destroying the elements such as power transformer and cables used in the system Ferroresonance is nonlinear situation and learning in artificial neural networks has advantages such as working with missing or uncertain data, processing real conditions, handling nonlinear situations, being more successful than traditional methods, fault tolerance. Artificial neural networks are referred to by this name because they are based on learning of the human neural cell in principle. One nerve cell receives information from other cells from the dendrites department, which corresponds to input in artificial neural networks, while axon in human nerve cells corresponds to output in artificial neural networks. Artificial neural networks mainly consist of three layers. There are hidden tabs determined by the number of layers between the input and the output. The learning process is multiplied by the randomly assigned weight value of the input value, and the NET value is created, and if it is determined, the bias others are summed and output from the cell where this total value is found according to the activation function. This output value is the input of the next hidden layer and continues until the same process reaches the output value. The output value gives the result of the learning operation according to the specified value ranges. The activation function is important in solving the problem used. Various activation functions are mentioned in the thesis. A successful algorithm was investigated by using an artificial neural network method to detect ferroresonance error. In this study, four different ferroresonance data emerging with different scenarios in the transmission line which used energy transmission line modeling from western Anatolia Turkey Seydisehir-Oymapınar transmission line has 380 kV were used as input values. Work steps; literature search on the subject, detection of the moment when ferroresonance starts in voltage outputs, creating input, training and example data from ferroresonance data, to create the appropriate algorithm for nonlinear ferroresonance.
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ÖgeGeneration and measurement of mixed voltages, investigation on electrical discharge phenomena, and electric field analysis(Graduate School, 2022-04-27) İspirli, Mehmet Murat ; Kalenderli, Özcan ; 504182005 ; Electrical EngineeringThe insulation systems in power systems are frequently faced combinations of the operational voltage with over voltages. These types of voltage are called as "composite voltages" and "combined voltages" depending on the type of test object. They are superimposed two voltage signals with different properties (amplitude, frequency, time parameter, waveform). In order to generate them, it is necessary to connect different types of voltage generators together or types of two different voltage must be applied simultaneously to the device under test (DUT). In literature, tests of electrical insulation material are only applied for a single type of voltage wave. But, insulation of the system is forced with the electric field formed by the sum of the system voltage and overvoltage, when the internal and external overvoltage occurs in power systems. For example, insulation of the system is stressed with sum of the operation alternative voltage and lightning impulse voltage, when lightning strikes to power system line. During this event, the stress to which the insulation system is subjected differs according to the polarity of the lightning impulse and the polarity of the operating voltage at the time the lightning occurs. So, composite voltage conditions in the system must also be considered, when the insulation security and reliability of the system is defined. In this context, this thesis is based on three SCI articles on composite and combined voltage. In the first section of the thesis, 66 kV and 110 kV SiR insulators currently used in power transmission systems have been analyzed under combined AC–DC voltage using the finite element method (FEM). Insulators are the most crucial part of power systems. The insulation performance of insulators is vital for the sustainability of power systems. Recently, silicone rubber (SiR) insulators are used frequently in all sections of the power systems. In the analyzes made, positive and negative DC voltages in different amplitude ratios were superimposed over the phase-earth operating voltage of the insulator. In the study, the models were created based on time and analysis were applied in time-dependent. Alone DC voltage was applied to the insulator for the first 60 s, AC + DC voltage was applied between 60 to 120 s. Thus, the electric field behavior of the SiR insulator under combined AC–DC voltage has been obtained. The change of electric field based on positive and negative DC components was investigated. As a result of the study, the effect of the polarity of the DC component in the combined voltage was observed. The effect of the polarity of the DC component in the combined voltage on the maximum electric field intensity was observed. In the second section of the thesis, the effects of different electric fields, distance between electrodes and DC component of composite voltage on the breakdown voltage of air were investigated. The valve side of the converter valve in the HVDC transmission systems is subjected to mixed voltages such as composite AC & DC voltage. Normally, their structures have the geometry to create a uniform or less uniform electric field, but sharp points such as burrs on smooth surfaces can create non-uniform electric fields. In this study, four different electrode arrangements were used in the experiments to create different electric fields. The effects of the homogeneity of electric field on breakdown voltage were investigated for different ±DC component amplitudes of the composite voltage. The field efficiency factor was calculated using mean and maximum field strengths for all of them. Variation of breakdown voltage of air was examined under the composite AC & DC voltage for different ratios ±DC. As one result of the study, the breakdown occurs at the positive half-wave of the AC voltage despite −DC voltage being applied due to positive corona discharge pulses. This breakdown point is named as the polarity change point. The breakdown voltage increases with the decrease of DC voltage component up to polarity change point in non-uniform electric field. As a result of the experiments, it was seen that the polarity change point is closely related to the homogeneity of the electric field. As the homogeneity of the electric field increases, the polarity change point starts to be lower −DC voltage. In less uniform electric field, the AC breakdown voltage was measured slightly higher than the DC breakdown voltage. In less uniform electric field, as the ratio of the applied AC voltage to DC voltage increases, the breakdown voltage gradually approaches the AC breakdown voltage. This result is similar to the result obtained for the +DC component in non-uniform electric field experiments. In the last section of the thesis, firstly, experimental circuits were designed to generate and measure composite DC and LI high voltage using a simulation program. The voltage sources used in composite voltage generation must be isolated from each other with coupling elements so that they do not affect each other. In this context, it is critical to decide on the types and values of coupling elements. The coupling elements used were chosen according to simulation results. Afterward, experimental circuits were established in the laboratory according to the simulation results of the designed experimental circuit. Then, breakdown voltages under composite DC and LI voltage for less uniform and non-uniform electric fields were measured with four different electrode systems for positive and negative DC voltage pre-stresses with different amplitudes. The 50% breakdown voltage was calculated using the least-squares method. Finally, 3D models were created for the electrode systems used in the experiments using the finite element method. The efficiency factors of electrode systems calculated with the FEM results were correlated with the experimental breakdown voltage results. Thus, the breakdown behavior of air under bipolar and unipolar composite voltages (CV) was investigated. In conclusion, the experimental results showed that very fast polarity change in bipolar CV causes higher electrical stress compared to unipolar CV.
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ÖgeImplementation and comparison of super resolutionalgorithms on embedded systems(Graduate School, 2023-05-05) Akkın, Metin ; Yalçın, Müştak Erhan ; 504191216 ; Electronics EngineeringIn this thesis, we aim to implement CNN based super-resolution methods and our implementation is image and video on embedded systems. CNN based super-resolution methods are EDSR, ESPCN, FSRCNN and LAPSRN. We compared super-resolution methods based on scale factor, layers and parameters. We trained all these super-resolution methods on embedded systems. These methods are explained and applied on embedded systems. We compared interpolation-based methods, reconstruction methods and learning-based methods. We focused on performance enhancing research to achieve real-time performance and we implemented the super-resolution implementation in 2 processes. They are training process and implementation process. In training process, we used different datasets on all super-resolution methods and we produced trained files, which have all scale factor for implementation process. First of all in implementation process, we focused on choosing the programming language for better performance. We chose a super-resolution method, we produced same code on different programming languages for super-resolution implementation and we analyzed implemetation performance on different programming languages, then we analyzed PSNR, SSIM and elapsed time values on each CNN based super-resolution methods for quality. We found a trade off for quality and processing time. To achieve real-time performance, we implemented to image and video implementations on CPU and DPU and we compared the performance of super-resolution implementations on CPU and DPU. We obtained to inferences to reach real-time super-resolution implementation. We used single-core and multi-core structure on image implementation and we compared single-core and multi-core CPU performance on image implementation with using all super-resolution methods. We used a frame in single-threading and a frame which consisting of many tiles in multi-threading structure on video implementation. We created a image by stitch all the tiles on video implementation. CPU and DPU analyzes are reported for real time performance. We shared the codes of super-resolution applications and analysis on our Github account.
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ÖgeImproved tracking algorithm for rooftop pv systems employing multi-input DC-DC converter(Graduate School, 2023-01-27) Bayraktar, Gökhan ; Yıldırım, Deniz ; 504191021 ; Electrical EngineeringThe energy need of humankind has been increasing rapidly with the population and consumption increment. Various energy production methods have been investigated to meet this need since the beginning of the 20th century. After half of that century, solar energy has become one of the most studied concepts of energy production methods. With the help of economy-politics crises upon oil or natural gas, investment in non-dependent energy types has increased. Solar energy has become one of the invested areas. Here wishful thoughts may be such that the environmental risks of using fossil fuels are also one of the reasons for this tending, but it is not. The solar energy concept consists of three following main parts. Photovoltaic (PV) panels for transforming solar photon energy into DC electrical energy. Power electronics devices for MPPT implementation and manipulating the electrical power according to the load side. Lastly, the load part of the systems can be a DC load, AC load, or the utility grid directly. In this thesis, a study about the power electronics part of the concept has been completed. At the power electronics aspect, the system may have a single DC/AC converter or two-stage with a DC/DC and a DC/AC converter. As known, PV panel characteristics are not linear; therefore, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm should be designed to extract the maximum available power from the panel. Also, to transform the PV panel's DC power into AC power, some electronic manipulation should be configured with switching mode power supplies. These main requirements can be provided within a converter that forms the single-stage PV power system or can be divided into two converters to build a two-stage PV power system. Both systems have their benefits and drawbacks. This study's content is designing a DC/DC converter of the two-stage PV power system. The main targets of the converter are implementing the MPPT algorithm and boosting the low DC voltage level of the PV panel up to 400V DC level for being transformed into AC voltage for utility grid injection. Additionally, the designed converter accepts four PV panels as its input and applies the MPPT algorithm to each one independently. The converter is named as Collector module. As a result, the Collector module consists of four small power electronics topologies whose outputs are connected in parallel to form the single high 400V DC voltage output. The input of the system (PV panels) can have various parameters between 25V to 50V voltage and up to 400W power. Thus, the total nominal output of the module is 1600W. The reason for this individual MPPT configuration is to eliminate the problems with the string-connected PV panel systems. As known, a PV panel has I-V and P-V curves due to PV cell configuration and environmental aspects such as irradiance strength and temperature. The MPPT algorithm aims to carry the PV panel operation point through these curves and locates the maximum power point. When the PV panels are serial or parallel connected to increase the system's power, these curves change according to connection configuration. However, the system performance degrades significantly if some shading effect or other problem occurs on even a single PV panel. Because in this case, the problematic PV panel is not just a lack of contribution to the total system but also has adverse effects on the power produced by other PV panels. In literature, many MPPT algorithms have been theoretically and practically examined and applied to PV system converters. They have advantages and disadvantages regarding implementation easiness, accuracy, stability, or settling speed towards ambient changes. These aspects can be calculated and predicted with theoretical methods. However, another phenomenon is named "power traps" above the I-V and P-V curves of the system. This phenomenon is caused by the interaction of PV panels and power electronics circuits. The outcome of this phenomenon is a disordered structure of a non-linear I-V curve. Such as, even though the ideal theoretical curve is not linear, its fundamental concept is that when PV voltage decreases, PV current should increase at the same irradiance strength as an inverse relationship. However, with the result of the panel and circuit integration, the resultant curve does not follow this fundamental, especially around the DCM-CCM limit. Consequently, when a regular MPPT algorithm is applied to the system, it is observed that the steady-state operation point is far away from the actual maximum power point. As a result, an improved version of the Incremental Conductance (InC) algorithm has been developed and applied to each circuit independently by a single microcontroller. This thesis mainly focuses on the system's software structure, such as designing the novel MPPT algorithm and time-shaping between the moments of required measurement occurrences for four circuits and the MPPT calculations. Lastly, these four circuits are driven with the interleaved technique by having a 45° phase shift between the consecutive circuit's PWM signals. Last, the collector module's hardware structure has been designed for this study. Push-pull topology has been used for four power circuits. The designed module has been tested in various ways. Firstly, individual power circuits were connected to a PV simulator device separately to check the MPPT accuracy. A PV simulator is an analog device whose output characteristic coincides with actual PV panels. With this device, a controllable imitation of a PV panel has been used; hence the circuits in the collector module could be tested under various input powers. According to the results, the MPPT efficiencies of all circuits are above 99%. This verifies that the designed MPPT algorithm has successfully tracked the maximum power point. On the other hand, power transfer efficiency is around 92%-93% for each circuit. Then, all inputs of the collector module were loaded at the same time to verify simultaneous power transfer. Firstly, 4 PV panels are used as inputs. Secondly, 3 PV panels and the PV simulator are used as inputs. In both cases, both MPPT and power transfer efficiency ended up with similar values to the individual test results. Consequently, simultaneous MPPT operation and power transfer are verified with these tests, as well as the availability of using different PV sources simultaneously.
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ÖgeKonvansiyonel ve mikro şebeke içeren güç sistemlerinde dinamik ekonomik yük ve emisyon dağıtımının sezgisel yöntemlerle analizi(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2022-06-17) Aydın, Esra ; Türkay, Belgin ; 504191019 ; Elektrik MühendisliğiYıllar içerisinde yaşanan nüfus artışı ve teknolojik gelişmeler ile birlikte enerji talebinde artış yaşanmaktadır. Bu artış ile birlikte elektrik enerjisi üretim sistemlerinin sayısında artış yaşanmakta ve güç sistemleri, daha büyük ve daha karmaşık bir hale gelmektedir. Talebin artması ile güç sistemlerinde yaşanan büyüme, bu sistemlerin ekonomik olarak işletilmesi konusuna büyük önem kazandırmaktadır. Bu hususta, güç sistemlerinin optimizasyon planlamalarından biri olan Ekonomik Yük Dağıtımı problemi oldukça önemli bir hale gelmiştir. Ekonomik yük dağıtımı, termik santrallerde yakıt maliyetinin en aza indirgenmesinin amaçlandığı ekonomik bir planlamadır. Bu kapsamda, güç ünitelerinin çıkış güçleri talep gücü karşılayacak şekilde yakıt maliyetinin minimum olması için optimum planlama yapılır. Bu planlama yapılırken sistemin kısıtları göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Güç denge kısıtları, generatör kısıtları ve rampa oranı kısıtları dahilinde en optimum planlama yapılmalıdır. Fosil yakıtların kullanıldığı güç ünitelerinde atmosfere emisyon gazları salınır. Sera gazı olarak da bilinen bu gazlar, atmosferde sera etkisine sebep olarak dünyadaki yaşamı pek çok açıdan tehdit etmektedir. Atmosferdeki emisyon gazı yoğunluğunu azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalar küresel bir boyuta ulaşmıştır. Güç sistemlerinin, emisyon yoğunluğuna en fazla sebep olan birimlerden biri olduğu düşünüldüğünde, emisyon yoğunluğunun minimuma indirilmesinin amaçlandığı ekonomik emisyon dağıtımı, önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Ekonomik emisyon dağıtımında, emisyon yoğunluğunun minimuma indirgenmesi amaçlanır, yakıt maliyetinden bağımsızdır. Ekonomik yük dağıtımı probleminde ise yakıt maliyetinin minimum olması amaçlanır, emisyon yoğunluğu önemsenmez. Ekonomik yük dağıtımı ve emisyon dağıtımının birlikte ele alındığı durumda ise birleşik ekonomik emisyon-yük dağıtımı fonksiyonu oluşturulur ve hem yakıt maliyetinin hem de emisyon yoğunluğunun en aza indirilmesi amaçlanır. Güç sistemlerinin ekonomik yük ve emisyon dağıtımı problemlerinin çözümünde çeşitli optimizasyon yöntemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu yöntemler klasik ve sezgisel yöntemler olarak ikiye ayrılır. Sistemlerin büyük boyutlu olması sebebi ile klasik yöntemlerden ziyade sezgisel yöntemlerin kullanımı daha uygun olmaktadır. Sezgisel yöntemlerin karmaşık problemlere uygulanabilirliği, çözüm süresinin hızlı olması gibi sağladığı avantajlar popülerliğini arttırmıştır. Genetik Algoritma, Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu, Tabu Araştırma ve Yapay Sinir Ağları günümüzde uygulamalarda en çok tercih edilen sezgisel yöntemlerdendir. Bu tez çalışmasında, güç sistemlerinin dinamik ekonomik yük dağtımı ve emisyon dağıtımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Problemlerin analizi için sezgisel algoritma yöntemlerinden olan Genetik Algoritma (GA) ve Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu (PSO) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Algoritmalar, 5 ve 10 üniteli sistemler ile mikro şebeke içeren sisteme uygulanmıştır. Algoritmalara ait kodlamalar MATLAB programında oluşturulmuştur. 5 ve 10 üniteli sistemlerin dinamik ekonomik yük dağıtımı, emisyon dağıtımı ve dinamik ekonomik emisyon-yük dağıtımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mikro şebeke içeren sistem için ekonomik yük dağıtımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulamada güç denge kısıtı, generatör limitleri, hat kayıpları, rampa oranı kısıtları ve valf nokta etkisi dikkate alınmıştır. Analiz sonuçları literatürde yapılan çalışmaların bulguları ile karşılaştırılmış, GA ve PSO yöntemleri ile daha optimum sonuçlar elde edildiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca bu yöntemler kendi arasında karşılaştırıldığında ise PSO algoritmasının daha uygun sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür.
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ÖgeParallel evolutionary computation for distribution system planning and operation(Graduate School, 2022-06-14) Younesi, Soheil ; Özdemir, Aydoğan ; Ceylan, Oğuzhan ; 504181068 ; Electrical EngineeringThe purpose of this study is to offer a technique for combining single- and multi-objective optimization algorithms with a parallel computing technique. Different scenarios are created for different numbers of Worker Processors (WPs), each of which is investigated separately and the results are compared. In these cases, a Master-Slave (MSM) calculation approach is used. The workload is distributed evenly across all WPs, and the Master Processor (MP) acts as the observer and executor of this computational approach. By using intelligent interruptions, the main processor receives the results of each WP's calculations and compares them to the results of other WPs, selecting the best solutions and returning them to the WPs. Wind Turbines and solar panels are examples of distributed renewable energy sources in this study
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ÖgeSensorless speed control of a PM assisted synchronous reluctance motor from zero to rated speed(Graduate School, 2023-07-05) Akgül, Kadir ; Ergene, Lale ; 504191077 ; Electrical EngineeringRecently, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) with high-energy magnets are proposed to replace the variable speed drives of some induction motors (IMs) to increase power factor and efficiency. However, the high price of high-energy rare earth permanent magnets, especially for applications with upfront cost constraints, calls into question this solution. Permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM), which has a high-efficiency standard and high torque and power density, where rare earth magnets' usage is not preferred, is expected to replace IMs, which is currently the most used motor type. In this study, a PMaSynRM designed for a washing-machine appliance is used to apply a sensorless speed control approach from zero speed to rated speed. The working principle of PMaSynRM is based on the reluctance torque beside the electromagnetic torque. The dominant one is the reluctance torque, and this is the subject where it differs from an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). In a PMaSynRM, the reluctance torque is provided by rotor air barriers and the electromagnetic torque is provided by permanent magnets placed on the q-axis of the rotor. The mathematical model of PMaSynRM can be derived simply in the rotating reference frame according to rotor. The variables and parameters of stator axes are transformed into the d&q reference frame by using the Clarke and Park reference frame transformations. Amplitude and angle of stator current vector are controlled separately by performing field-oriented control (FOC). Different control strategies are implied to the motor applications in literature taking advantage of FOC. The main one for a PMaSynRM is maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control because of its simplicity. Another advantage is that the output power is also maximized for a specific speed value besides the output torque. Thus, the motor torque and power density are increased. A two-level inverter is sufficient for a three-phase PMaSynRM driver. The amplitudes and frequencies of phase voltages and currents are adjusted to the desired value by using inverter and FOC technique together. The space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) technique becomes prominent among pulse-width modulation (PWM) techniques for inverters. Sensorless control is based on obtaining the rotor position and speed information not from the position sensor. In this study, the extended electromotive force (EEMF) and high-frequency injection (HFI) models are preferred. The HFI model is applied below a certain speed due to the inadequacy of the EEMF model at lower and zero speeds. In the first step, the PMaSynRM state space model includes EEMF components is obtained on the α&β stationary reference frame. The EEMF components containing rotor position information cannot be obtained directly by measurement. Therefore, EEMF components need to be estimated using an observer structure. In this study, the sliding-mode observer (SMO) structure is used. The estimation errors of α&β-axis currents are used for estimating EEMF components. As a result of simulations, sensorless speed control of PMaSynRM is realized from 300 to 3000 rpm (rated) and also under rated load conditions. For rated speed where efficiency is high and critical, the electrical position estimation error is around 2°, which is acceptable. In the second stage, the HFI technique is applied for the PMaSynRM. High-frequency voltage injection (HFVI) is preferred, since the injected signals are not regulated by the current controllers. As a result of the injected high-frequency voltages, high-frequency signals are formed in the phase currents of the motor. These current signals contain rotor position information. However, the signals must be subjected to some signal processing to obtain this rotor position information. These signals are separated from the motor fundamental current, and position information. A smoother position information is provided with the designed phase-locked loop (PLL) technique. In simulation environment, PMaSynRM sensorless speed control is carried out from zero to 300 rpm speed. In addition, sensorless speed control is also provided for the rated load condition. As a result, the electrical position error is less than 2° for the entire speed range, which is reasonable level for a sensorless operation. In the final stage, the experiments of sensorless control of PMaSynRM are carried out. With the EEMF technique, both rotor position and speed are successfully estimated and the motor is driven from 300 rpm to rated speed. The noise of estimations increases at low speeds because of lower values of EEMF components as expected. For lower speeds, the HFVI technique is tested. The motor is driven under rated load at 30 rpm. Then, the 100 rpm step responses of motor are obtained under rated load. Finally, the motor is tested to be rotated in the opposite direction. With the designed speed control algorithm, PMaSynRM is provided to operate sensorless from zero speed to rated speed. The efficiency value obtained with the sensor is approximately kept, thus avoiding the concern of efficiency loss.
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ÖgeŞebeke ile senkron çalışmada çok seviyeli güç elektroniği devreleri üzerinden okyanus dalga enerjisinin dönüştürülmesinin matematiksel modellemesine katkılar(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021-12-19) Çolak, İlknur ; Kocabaş, Derya Ahmet ; 504062004 ; Elektrik MühendisliğiSon yıllarda dünyadaki enerji ihtiyacının karşılanması amacıyla yapılan çeşitli araştırmalar içinde yer alan dalga enerjisinden yararlanma fikri, günümüz koşullarında her geçen gün daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Son yarım asırdır artan petrol krizi ile birlikte doğal enerji kaynaklarından elektrik enerjisi üretimi popüler hale gelmiş ve dünya genelindeki pek çok ülkenin 2030 yılı itibariyle karbondioksit ve benzeri diğer zehirli gazların emisyonunu %50'ye düşürme hedefleri sayesinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Güneş ve rüzgar enerjisine kıyasla kendine küçük de olsa bir yer edinen dalga enerjisi, konunun karmaşıklığı, üretiminin zor olması ve uygun uygulama alanı bulma konusundaki zorluklar nedeniyle halen prototip safhasını aşıp, ticari boyut kazanamamıştır. Dalga enerjisinden elektrik enerjisi üretimi konusunda yapılan çalışmalarda gelişmiş güç elektroniği topolojilerinin ve kontrol yöntemlerinin uygulanması konusunda geniş çaplı araştırmalar yapılmamıştır. Bu nedenle bu tez çalışmasında ilk olarak dalga enerjisinden Wells türbini yardımıyla elektrik enerjisi üretiminin matematiksel analizi yapılmıştır. Sistemin ve sistem bileşenlerin ayrık ve bütünleşik matematiksel modelleri elde edilmiştir. Dalgadan elde edilen enerjinin şebekeye aktarılması için üç seviyeli aktif doğrultucu ve üç seviyeli evirici kullanılmış ve sistem kapalı modellenmesi benzetim ortamında gerçeklenmiştir. Denizdeki rüzgar dalgalarının enerjisi dağıtım ağındaki elektriğe dönüşene kadar, genel olarak dört aşamadan geçer. İlk aşamada, dalgadaki enerjiyi bir mekanik harekete dönüştürmek gerekir. Ortaya çıkan bu mekanik enerji, denizdeki dalgaların karakteristiği gereği, büyük genlikli, düşük hızlı hareketlerdir. İkinci aşamada mekanik enerjinin elektrik enerjisine dönüştürülmesi gerekir. Şebekede kullanıma uygun olmayan bu enerjinin, sabit frekans ve sabit genlikli gerilime dönüştürülmesi gerekir. Elektrik üretimine uygun hızlara getirilmiş hareketten elektriğin üretilmesi ve üretilen elektriğin dağıtım şebekesine aktarılabilecek kaliteye getirilmesi de üçüncü aşamada çözümlenir. Son aşamada ise üretilen elektriğin, özellikle çok sayıda birimden oluşan sistemlerde, genel dağıtım ağı ile entegre edilmesi söz konusudur. Dalga enerjisinden enerji üretimi konusundaki en büyük zorluklardan biri olan dalga dönüşüm tipinin belirlenmesi ve belirlenen sistemin hidrolik ve pnömatik çevrim analizlerinin yapılarak sistem matematiksel modellemesinin gerçekleşmesidir. Bu çalışmada dalga enerjisi çevrim sistemi için salınımlı su kolonu (OWC) sistemi kullanılmış ve pnömatik enerjinin mekanik enerjiye dönüştürülmesi için de en basit ve güvenilir kendinden doğrultmalı hava türbini olan Wells türbini kullanılmıştır. Türbin/generatör grubunun çıkışındaki gerilimin doğrultulmasında kullanılan aktif doğrultucu, üç fazlı, üç seviyeli ortadan kenetlemeli çevirici (3L-AFE) topolojisi olup, çevirici sinüs biçimli darbe genlik modülasyonu (SPWM) metodu ile kontrol edilmiştir. Doğrultucunun çift yönlü akım akıtma yeteneğine sahip olması sayesinde, generatörden çekilen reaktif gücün kontrolü, toplam harmonik akım kompanzasyonu, generatörün ilk kalkış anındaki tahrik geriliminin sağlanması mümkün olmaktadır. Doğru gerilimin alternatif gerilime çevrilmesinde kullanılan ve gerilim kaynağı olarak çalıştırılan üç seviyeli evirici (3L-NPC), güç elektroniği uygulamalarında henüz çok yeni bir kontrol yöntemi olan üç seviyeli NTV-SV-PWM (nearest three vector - space vector - pulse width modulation) metodu ile kontrol edilmiştir. Uzay vektör modülasyon yöntemi gerilimin daha geniş bir aralıkta kontrol edilmesini sağlarken aynı zamanda cıkıştaki harmoniklerin düşürülmesinde onemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada amaç farklı disiplinlerdeki yenilikleri bir araya getirerek yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları uygulamalarına yenilikçi bir açısı ile özgün bir katkıda bulunmaktır. Uzay vektör modülasyon yöntemi, ölçülen anlık referans vektöre en yakın üç vektörün belirlenmesi ve yarı iletken anahtarların bu vektör değerlerini oluştururken anahtarlama kayıplarını en düşük seviyede tutacak sıra ve sürede (dwell time) uygulanmasına dayanır. Bu yöntem ile evirici anahtarlama kayıpları minimunda turulurken evirici çıkışının şebeke gerilimine senkronize edilmesi de sağlanmış olur. Doğru gerilim barasının kontrolünde vektörlerin büyüklüklerindeki ve açılarındaki sapma ve doğru gerilim barası orta noktasının akım yönü bilgisi kullanılır. Bu bilgilere göre anahtarların anahtarlama sırasının önceden kestirimi yapılır ve bir veri arama tablosu (look-up table) oluşturulur. Bu sayede kontrol döngülerinin azaltılması ve sistem cevabının hızlandırılması sağlanmış olur. Aynı doğru gerilim barası ile birbirine bağlı üç seviyeli aktif doğrultucu ve üç seviyeli eviricinin görev dağılımları aşağıdaki gibidir. Aktif doğrultucu: -Alternatif gerilimin doğru gerilime çevrilmesi -Doğru gerilim barasının gerilim değerinin sabit tutulması -Çift yönlü akım geçişinin sağlaması (S-PWM kontrolü) -Akım harmoniğinin düşürülmesi -Doğrultucunun alternatif gerilim uçlarında üç seviyeli faz arası gerilimlerinin oluşturulması -Alternatif gerilim girişinden sinüzoidal akım çekerek güç faktörünün bire yakın tutulması Üç seviyeli evirici: -Doğru gerilimin alternatif gerilime çevrilmesi -Çift yönlü akım geçişinin sağlaması (NTV-SV-PWM kontrolü) -Akım harmoniğinin düşürülmesi -Gerilim harmoniğinin düşürülmesi -Doğru gerilim barası nötr noktasının kontrolü -Çıkış geriliminin şebekeye senkron çalıştırılması Bu çalışmada salınımlı su kolonu (OWC), Wells türbini, senkron generatör, doğrultucu ve eviriciden oluşan dalga enerjisinden elektrik enerjisine dönüşüm sisteminin tekil matematiksel modellemesi detaylandırılmış ve karmaşık girişli, karmaşık sistemin bütünleşik matematiksel modellerine katkıda bulunacak sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Dalgalardan elektrik enerjisi üretimi konusuna duyulan ilgi dünya genelinde artmakta olup, çalışmalar henüz yeni yaklaşımlar üretmek düzeyindedir. Bu nedenle bu tez çalışmasının sonuçları ciddi bir dalga enerjisi potansiyeline sahip olan Türkiye'nin enerji politikalarının başarısı ve bu konuda uluslararası platformlarda yer edinmesi açısından büyük önem taşınmaktadır. Ayrıca bu proje Türkiye'nin yenilenebilir enerji konusundaki antlaşmalarda üstlendiği yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmesi açısından da katkı sağlamaktadır.
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ÖgeUçaklar için statik elektrik yükü çökelme durumunun incelenmesi ve yıldırım çarpma durumu analizleri(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-07-21) Akbulut, Furkan ; Kalenderli, Özcan ; 504191069 ; Elektrik MühendisliğiUçakların atmosferle aralarındaki elektrostatik etkileşimi temel olarak uçak ve atmosfer faktörü olmak üzere iki ana bileşene bağlıdır. Uçakların şekilleri, hızları, elektrik yükü tutma kapasiteleri gibi parametreler uçak faktörü olarak; atmosfer sıcaklıkları, basınçları, iletkenlikleri gibi faktörler atmosferik faktörler olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Her uçak çeşitli süreçlerde elektriksel olarak dolan ve boşalan bir kapasite olarak düşünülebilir. Kapasitenin dolma veya boşalma davranışları uçakların elektrostatik durumu olarak tanımlanabilir. Uçaklar seyir halinde iken atmosfer içerisinde bulunan elektriksel olarak yüklü parçacıklarla çarpışması ve sürtünmesi sonucunda elektrostatik olarak yüklenmektedir. Bu yüklenmeler; triboelektrik, motor egzoz ve dışsal yüklenme olmak üzere üç ana kategoride incelenmektedir. Triboelektrik yüklenme; genellikle buz kristalleri, yağmur, kum ve tozlu parçacıkların uçaklar ile teması sonrasında oluşmaktadır. Motor egzoz yüklenmesi, motorlardan çıkan elektrik yüklü parçacıkların uçak üzerinde birikmesi ile oluşan yüklenme türüdür. Dışsal yüklenme, uçakların hava veya bulut içerisinde bulunan herhangi bir elektrik alan içerisinde seyir halinde iken üzerinde oluşan statik elektrik yükü birikimidir. Tüm bu yüklenmeler, biriken (çökelen) statik elektrik olarak adlandırılır ve kontrollü bir şekilde uçaklar üzerinden boşaltılması gerekmektedir. Statik elektrik yükleri uçaklardan kontrollü bir şekilde boşaltılmadığında yüksek gerilim seviyelerinde uçakların kanat ve kuyruk uçları gibi çıkıntılı yüzeylerinden elektriksel deşarj olmaktadır. Statik elektrik yükleri; korona boşalmaları, ark oluşumları ve elektriksel akış şeklinde olmak üzere uçaklar üzerinden üç şekilde deşarj olmaktadır. Bunlara ek olarak, statik elektrik yükleri, yakınlarındaki antenler üzerine kuplajla elektriksel bozulmalara sebep olmaktadır. Bu sebeple, radyo alıcı-verici ve konumlandırma antenleri üzerinde birikerek uçakların seyrüsefer sistemleri için kritik bileşenlerin düzgün çalışmasını önlemektedir. Statik deşarj çubukları, statik elektrik yüklerinin uçaklardan kontrollü bir şekilde boşaltılmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu sayede, uçak gövdesinde biriken statik elektrik yükleri yüksek gerilim seviyelerine ulaşamadan statik deşarj çubukları üzerinden havaya boşaltılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ilk bölümde; statik deşarj çubuklarının tipleri, özellikleri, kullanım alanları ve deşarj yöntemleri incelenmiştir. Ardından, statik deşarj çubuklarının montaj yöntemleri, montaj yöntemlerinde dikkat edilmesi gereken parametreler ve bir statik deşarj çubuğunun sağlaması gereken koşullar ile ilgili araştırmalara yer verilmiştir. Uçaklar üzerinde biriken statik elektrik yükünün boşaltılabilmesi için yeterli sayıda statik deşarj çubuğu kullanılması gerekmektedir. Kullanılan statik deşarj çubuğu sayısının yetersiz olması yukarıda sözü edilen problemlerin oluşmasına neden olacaktır. Bu sebeple, aynı bölümde uçaklarda kullanılması gereken statik deşarj çubuğu sayısının belirlenmesi için literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonrasında örnek bir uçak (RV-10) için kullanılması gereken statik deşarj çubuğu sayısı belirlenmiştir. Hesaplamalarda bulunan değerler benzer bir uçak için önceden yapılmış çalışmalar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bunlara ek olarak, statik deşarj çubukları uçak üzerine monte edildiğinde uçak gövdesinden dışarıya doğru çıkıntılı bir yapı oluşturduğu için yıldırım akımının uçağa giriş veya çıkış bölgesi olabilmektedir. Bu sebeple, ikinci bölümde yıldırım akımı ile ilgili araştırmalara ve analizlere yer verilmiştir. Yıldırım akımı; bulut-bulut, bulut-yer, bulut-hava ve bulut içerisinde olmak üzere dört çeşit olarak meydana gelmektedir. Herhangi iki bölge arasında oluşan yük dengesizliği ve potansiyel farkı sebebiyle bu iki bölge arasında çok yüksek seviyelerde akım akışı şeklinde oluşmaktadır. Yıldırım akımının uçaklar üzerinde doğrudan ve dolaylı olmak üzere iki temel etkisi bulunmaktadır. Doğrudan etkiler, yıldırım akımının çarpma bölgesinde sıcaklık artışına bağlı olarak uçak gövdesinde meydana getirdiği mekanik hasara bağlı olan bozulmalardır. Dolaylı etkiler ise, uçağa doğrudan çarpan ya da uçağa yakın bir konumda oluşan yıldırım sebebiyle oluşan elektromanyetik alanların uçaklardaki elektronik ekipmanlara verdiği zarar olarak açıklanmaktadır. Bu sebeple, yıldırım akımının oluşum aşamaları ve akım karakteristikleri üzerine incelemeler yapılmıştır. Uçaklardaki yıldırım akımının çarpma bölgeleri incelendiğinde kanat uçları, yatay dengeleyiciler ve radom en yüksek riskli bölgeler olarak görülmektedir. Bu sebeple, Ansys Maxwell programı kullanılarak yıldırım akımı modellenmiş ve örnek bir uçak referans alınarak yıldırım akımının uçak üzerinde seyredebileceği alternatif yollar (radom giriş-kuyruk çıkış ve radom giriş-kanat çıkış) için simülasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Simülasyon çalışmaları yapılırken yıldırım akımı sebebiyle uçak üzerinde oluşan akım yoğunlukları ve elektrik alanların gözlemlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Günümüz uçaklarında, hem ağırlık hem de dayanıklılık bakımından alüminyuma göre avantajlı olması sebebiyle gövdelerinin büyük çoğunluğu kompozit yapılmaktadır. Kompozitin elektriksel iletkenliği alüminyuma göre daha düşüktür. Bu sebeple yıldırım çarpması durumu için kompozit gövdeli uçaklarda alternatif uygulamalar yapılmaktadır. Kompozit gövdeli uçaklarda yıldırım akımının bozucu etkilerini azaltmak için iletken bir ağ (mesh) yapısı kullanılmaktadır. Kompozitin içerisine bir ağ gibi yerleştirilen iletkenler sayesinde uçağın herhangi bir bölgesinden giren yıldırım akımı kontrollü bir şekilde uçak gövdesi üzerinde ilerleyebilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, kullanılması gereken ağ yapısındaki tellerle ilgili parametrelere ait hesaplamalar aynı bölümde belirtilmiştir. Son bölümde, tez kapsamında yapılan çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurularak statik deşarj çubukları ve yıldırım akımı arasındaki ilişki özetlenmiştir. Yıldırım akımının uçaklar üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik yapılan simülasyon çalışmaları ile ilişkili olacak şekilde önerilere yer verilmiştir.
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ÖgeÜretim sistemlerinde valf-nokta etkili konveks olmayan dinamik ekonomik yük dağıtımı(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2017) Pürlü, Mikail ; Türkay, Belgin Emre ; Elektrik Mühendisliği Anabilim DalıTeknolojinin elektrik mühendisliğine sağladığı en büyük getirilerinden biri de dünya üzerinde enerji tüketimi artışıdır. Elektrikli aletlerin sayısında ve kullanım süresinde artışlar yaşandığı gibi daha ileri teknoloji sağlayabilmesi amacıyla tükettiği güçte de artışa gidilmiştir. Bu artışlar ve yazılım sistemlerinin daha çok tercih edilir hale gelmesi fazladan enerji ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Enerji ihtiyacındaki artış elektrik enerjisi üretim sistemlerinin yeterliliğini gün geçtikçe zorlamakta ve bizim daha fazla sayıda ve daha nitelikli elektrik enerjisi üretim santralleri kurmamızı gerektirmektedir. Üretilen elektrik enerjisi miktarındaki artışla birlikte üretimde optimizasyon işlemlerinden biri olan ekonomik yük dağıtımı da daha önemli bir hale gelmişir. Ekonomik yük dağıtımı, üretim sisteminde kullanılan tüm generatörlerin yakıt-güç eğrilerinin toplamından oluşturulan maliyet kullanarak talep edilen enerjiyi minimum yakıt maliyetiyle karşılayabilmek için hangi generatörün ne kadar yükleneceğinin hesaplanmasıdır. Generatörler arasında ekonomik yük dağıtımı yapılmasıyla aynı miktardaki enerji, ekonomik yük dağıtımı yapılmayan tesislere göre daha düşük yakıt maliyetiyle elde edilir. Güç sistemlerinden tüketiciler tarafından talep edilen elektrik enerjisi miktarının gün içersindeki belirli zaman periyotlarında farklılık göstermesi ekonomik yük dağıtım problemlerininin yetersiz kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Değişen talep güç değerlerine göre hangi zaman periyodunda, hangi generatörlerin ne kadar çıkış gücünde üretim yapacağının belirlenmesi amacıyla dinamik ekonomik yük dağtım problemleri oluşturulmuştur.
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ÖgeWide speed sensorless control of pmsm drive with smooth transition between HFSİ and extended luenberger observer(Graduate School, 2023-01-18) Avcı, Mustafa Mus Ab ; Öztürk, Salih Barış ; 504191041 ; Electrical EngineeringIt is well-known that the most efficient way to generate mechanical power is to use electric motors. In the beginning, conventional DC motors with commutator excitation are used. However, with the spread of AC power distribution, AC motors have become popular because they have superior efficiency and low maintenance and installation cost. Thus, induction motors have become a dominant factor in the industry. Moreover, although induction motors have satisfied the needs of the industry for a while, the energy shortage and the efficiency criteria caused a reorganization with respect to efficiency classes among electric motors. Thus, using new-generation motors with permanent magnets to create magnetic excitation has become indispensable worldwide. However, the transition to permanent magnet motors requires a motor controller for power electronics. Since, unlike induction motors, electromechanical commutation must be carried out electronically. With the improvements in semiconductor technologies and digital signal controllers, controller chips are becoming more available with low cost and high horsepower. In addition, sophisticated digital signal controllers allow engineers to develop superior control algorithms. At first, AC motors could only be controlled via scalar control. Since only controllable quantities in scalar control are voltage and frequency, naturally controlling bandwidth and dynamical responses are poor compared to vector control schemes. One of the well-known vector control schemes is field-oriented control, which enables control of motor armature and excitation voltages independently and on a vector basis. Thus, new-generation motors are driven with new-generation controllers. Although field-oriented control is one of the suitable control methodologies, it requires geometric knowledge of the position of the rotor flux vector during the operation. Besides, there are direct and indirect sensing operations to achieve rotor position information. Although direct sensing of rotor position information via a position sensor directly mounted on the shaft is the simplest way, there are some drawbacks. Especially, position sensors increase total system cost and decrease the reliability of the drive system according to environmental conditions like temperature, moisture, and altitude. On the other hand, indirect sensing methods rely on mathematical manipulations and computation via machine parameters like voltage, current, resistance, and inductance. Regarding self-sensing methods, they could be categorized in a manner of machine model-based and saliency tracking-based models. Machine model-based approaches use observers to get rotor flux position information by iteratively computing machine model state equations. Unlike model-based solutions, saliency tracking solutions require a signal injection concept to detect rotor position information from the demodulation of modulated injection frequency through the motor itself. In summary, although model-based approaches have promising performance in medium to high-speed regions, they have poor or moderate performance and controllability in the low-speed region; because of that, the magnitude of back electromotive force is proportional to the rotating speed. Contrarily, saliency-tracking approaches have better performance in terms of the quality of estimated position information in zero, low and nearly zero-speed regions. However, as the rotational frequency increases, signal processing becomes a burden and uncontrollable with the same sampling infrastructure and dynamics. Consequently, hybrid observer structures have become more popular since the two approaches have beneficial features with respect to operational speed region. A soft transition method must be developed to combine two self-sensing methods within the stable operation in terms of transients and steady-state operation. In this thesis scope, a hybrid sensorless field-oriented control methodology is proposed. First, the literature is reviewed in the aspects of machine model-based sensorless algorithms and saliency-tracking approaches. Two of the self-sensing methods are further investigated. One is the Luenberger observer that computes back electromotive force to estimate rotor flux position, and the other is high-frequency signal injection. Also, a soft transition from one method to the other is proposed. Furthermore, verification is made by modeling, analysis, and simulation using the MATLAB®/Simulink® environment. In the simulation, the motor is started with the estimated position referenced by the outcome of the high-frequency signal injection method. Next, beyond a defined transition point, the estimated position reference is changed to the observer algorithm. It is observed that a soft transition is necessary to keep the system under stable conditions. After the hybrid method is realized and implemented, a motor driver is designed via Altium. All component selection, design of gate drive circuits, design of current and voltage measurement circuits, as well as digital and analog interfaces are described. Beyond the hardware design phase, embedded software is developed to run hybrid control algorithms. Besides, embedded software flow and control loop descriptions are detailed. Also, a test bench including two identical motors, a dummy load, and a rectifier circuit for the generator side is prepared for the experiments. Experimental results are recorded, discussed and presented.
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ÖgeYüksek güçlü IGBT'ler için kapı sürme devresi(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2023-04-27) Tanrıverdi, Osman ; Yıldırım, Deniz ; 504112006 ; Elektrik MühendisligiIGBT anahtarlama elemanlarının SOA (Emniyetli çalışma bölgesi İng: Safe Operating Area) bölgesi içerisinde çalışması, sistemdeki di_C/dt'den (kollektör akım değişim hızı) kaynaklı gürültülerin azaltılması, anahtarlama kayıplarının ve bunun sonucu oluşan IGBT'lerin sıcaklık değişimlerinin kontrolünün yapılabilmesi için kapı sürme devrelerinin tasarımı büyük önem taşımaktadır. IGBT anahtarlama geçişlere bakıldığında iki önemli elektriksel stres görülmektedir: Bunlardan birincisi, iletime geçiş esnasında IGBT paralel diyotundan dolayı oluşan yüksek akım aşımlarıdır. İkincisi ise kesime geçiş esnasında sistemdeki kaçak endüktanslardan dolayı IGBT uçlarında oluşan gerilim aşımlarıdır. IGBT'lerin anahtarlandığı çevirici sistemini etkileyen diğer önemli bir etken olan elektromanyetik yayınım durumu bu iki problemden kaynaklanmaktadır. Sürekli çalışmada ise jonksiyon sıcaklığı ve sıcaklıktaki değişimler sistem güvenliğini etkilemektedir. Yüksek ve çok fazla aralıkta değişen sıcaklıklar IGBT'lerde ömür problemine neden olmaktadır. Sıcaklık artışlarında IGBT'nin anahtarlama kayıplarını azaltmak sıcaklık değişimini azaltmak için gerekli bir durumdur. Bu tez çalışması IGBT'lerde aktif kapı sürme algoritması ile yukarıda bahsedilen elektriksel ve termal etkenleri iyileştirmektedir. Akım ve gerilim değişimlerinin kontrolünü birbirinden bağımsız yapmak suretiyle IGBT anahtarlama kayıplarını yalnızca gerilim değişimini değiştirerek düşürmek bu tez çalışmasının temel algoritmasını oluşturmaktadır. Yalnızca gerilim hızını değiştirmek IGBT kesime geçiş sırasında gerilim ve akım aşımlarını ve sistemdeki EMI (Elektromanyetik Girişim İng: Electromagnetic Interference) problemlerini değiştirmez. Çünkü bu hususlar akım değişim hızının değişimiyle alakalıdırlar. Tez çalışması kapsamında IGBT iletime ve kesime geçiş aralıkları kollektör akımı ve kollektör-emiter gerilimi ve kapı gerilimi açısından incelenmiştir. Anahtarlama geçişlerinin her bir aralığına etkiyen faktörler incelenmiş ve formülleriyle verilmiştir. IGBT aktif sürme algoritması IGBT kapı gerilimini uygun anahtarlama aralıklarında istenilen seviyeye getirmeye dayalı çalışmaktadır. Bu davranışı görmek adına öncelikle ANSYS Simplorer ortamında benzetim çalışması yapılmıştır. Benzetim çalışması ile IGBT'nin anahtarlama geçişleri örnek bir modül için nominal akım ve gerilim değerlerinde incelenmiştir. Bunun için de örnek modülün benzetim ortamında modellemesi gerçeklenmiştir. Çalışmada IGBT'nin geçişleri inceleneceği için yapılan modelleme dinamik modellemedir. Modellemenin doğruluğunu analiz etmek için gerçek ortamda IGBT tetiklenmiş, dalga şekilleri çıkartılmıştır. Aynı elektriksel değerlerde benzetim ortamında dalga şekilleri çıkartılmış, gerçek verilerle karşılaştırılmıştır. Tez çalışması kapsamında tamamıyla analog köntrollü bir aktif sürüş tekniği geliştirilmiş ve bir donanım üzerinde gerçeklenmiştir.