LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi- Yüksek Lisans
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Yazar "Değer, Sümeyye Sena" ile LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi- Yüksek Lisans'a göz atma
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ÖgeInvestigation of SO2 pollution from coal-fired and geothermal power plants using high resolution satellite retrievals(Graduate School, 2022-01-10) Değer, Sümeyye Sena ; Kaynak, Burçak ; 501191733 ; Environmental Sciences Engineering and Management ; Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve YönetimiAir pollution, which emerged with the increasing industrialization after the industrial revolution, has become an important problem in Turkey, as in many parts of the world, due to its negative effects on human health and the environment. Air pollution causes serious health problems such as asthma, allergies, lung cancer, heart diseases, skin and eye damage and even death, as well as environmental problems such as acid rain, dust formation, turbidity and fog. In addition, air pollutants have direct and indirect effects on the climate. Known as one of the criteria and common pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO2) originates primarily from large point sources such as power plants, volcanoes, smelters and oil and gas industries, or from residential heating with coal. Since Turkey has a significant share with 2 % of the current world reserves, it follows a coal-oriented energy policy. However, since the existing domestic lignite in Turkey has a low calorific value, it is generally used in power plants, and domestic lignite, which has a higher sulfur content than other types of coal, causes a high amount of SO2 pollution. Especially due to the high SO2 pollution levels and its negative effects on the environment and human health, the determination and monitoring of SO2 pollution in the region, like other air pollutants, plays an important role. Although air quality measurement stations (AQMSs), which are a common and old method for monitoring air pollutants, capture the diurnal changes with hourly measurements in their located region, they may be insufficient to understand the distribution of pollution especially in large areas, since they are located in certain regions and in limited numbers. In addition, the meteorological factors and land characteristics in the region where they are located, also have an effect on the ground-based measurements. On the other hand, the remote sensing technology, which was developed for the detection of air pollutants in the 1980s, facilitates the determination of the distribution of air pollutants globally and the detection of air pollution sources with its gradually developing spatial resolution and wide coverage area. The adventure of remote sensing, which started with the detection of the SO2 plumes originating from the El Chicón volcanic eruption with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument in the 1982, continued to develop with measurement of tropospheric SO2 with the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) instrument in the following years. With the changing and developing spatial resolution and global coverage in the following years, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) instruments started to measure atmospheric air pollutants in 2002, Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) in 2004, and GOME-2 and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in 2006, and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) in 2011, respectively. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which finally started its measurements in 2019, has a higher spatial resolution of 5.5 km × 7 km compared to previous instruments such as GOME (320 km × 40 km), SCIAMACHY (60 km×30 km) and OMI (13×). In this thesis, SO2 Level 2 retrievals from the TROPOMI instrument on the Sentinel-5 platform, which is launched by European Space Agency (ESA) in October 2017, are used to monitor two-year (2019-2020) SO2 pollution in and around Turkey and determine its spatial and temporal distribution. First of all, TROPOMI SO2 Level 2 retrievals from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) were processed using Phyton programming language and filtered according to the quality criteria in the TROPOMI Readme file. Spatial average was calculated with a grid resolution of 1 km × 1 km and the SO2 data were spatially matched with the grids to calculate the average monthly gridded SO2 column concentrations. Using different oversampling diameters, the 10 km radius oversampling method was applied, where the best distribution was observed for SO2 retrievals. In order to represent the pollution levels of coal-fired power plants (CPPs) and geothermal power plants (GPPs), SO2 retrievals at a distance of 10 km from the locations of CPPs were selected. Monthly statistics for SO2 retrievals were calculated using the Rstudio programming language, and then the data opened in the ArcGIS software program was visualized and average SO2 maps of Turkey for 2019-2020 were created. Emission inventory and ground measurements were used for comparisons. After the hourly ground-based measurements were selected according to the TROPOMI transit time, their daily and monthly averages are calculated. The energy production of power plants was examined using EPIAS electricity data. The impact of regional conditions was evaluated using meteorology and land use throughout all investigations. Considering the SO2 pollution in and around Turkey, hot spots are generally associated with CPPs. In October 2020, when the cleanest and highest signals was seen, the highest SO2 levels in Turkey were detected in the provinces of Kahramanmaraş and Muğla. The highest SO2 pollution in the region was observed in 10 of 18 months around Afşin Elbistan Power Plants. Following Kahramanmaraş, the SO2 pollution is at a remarkable level in Muğla, where there are three large-capacity CPPs. In addition, high SO2 pollution from CPPs was detected in Şırnak and Sivas provinces, and Aydın, Kocaeli, Malatya provinces where minor hotspots were observed, were also investigated. It has been determined that large-capacity GPPs in Aydın may also be an indirect source of SO2. High SO2 concentrations from CPPs have been observed in Turkey's district countries, Bulgaria, Iraq and Syria. The performance of AQMSs and the TROPOMI instrument were investigated by comparing the ground-based measurements where pollution is intense and the satellite retrievals around 10 km of AQMSs. Firstly, the daily SO2 ground-based measurements, satellite retrievals around the power plants and total electricity production variations of the CPPs that were temporarily closed with the decision taken on 31 December 2019 were examined and the current situation in the 2019-2020 period, the effect of the temporary shut down, the change in SO2 levels during reopening period has been investigated. Satellite retrievals often show similar changes with total electricity production, while ground-based measurements were insufficient to capture the variations. Especially the missing data at ground-based measurements and the limited number of satellite retrievals in winter months make comparisons difficult. For the selected large-capacity CPPs, the individual correlations are higher when SO2 and NO2 are compared to electricity generation, as well as high correlations between NO2 and SO2 (R2=0.62-0.96). The highest correlation between satellite SO2 retrievals and electricity production for Afşin Elbistan Power Plants with R2=0.84. SO2 pollution levels in Afşin Elbistan Power Plant, where the highest signals are observed, were investigated considering land use and meteorological factors. Ground-based measurements and meteorological factors show that the pollution in Kahramanmaraş is more intense in autumn and winter and is transported to south every season. Monthly gridded average SO2 retrievals show high concentrations (>2 DU) around the power plants in summer and autumn months. The correlation between electricity production and satellite SO2 retrievals is higher with R2=0.84 on a monthly basis than the daily correlation (R2=0.45). In the comparison made by subtracting the winter months due to limited number of SO2 retrievals, the correlation between satellite retrievals around the power plant and satellite retrievals around the AQMS (R2=0.86) is higher than the correlation between satellite retrievals around the power plant and ground measurements (R2=0.20). However, there is a low correlation (R2=0.20) between satellite retrievals and ground-based measurements around the AQMS. Similarly, the effect of three power plants in Muğla, where high signals were observed, on SO2 concentrations, the relationship between ground-based measurements, satellite retrievals and total electricity production were investigated. When ground-based measurements and meteorological factors were examined, it was seen that the intense pollution in Muğla transported to the southeast in the summer and autumn months, and to the northwest in the winter and spring months. Monthly gridded average SO2 retrievals show high concentrations (>2 DU) in the region in November, July and April 2020. While the pollution is generally distributed around the three CPPs, the AQMS can only detect the pollution originating from Yatağan Power Plant in summer and autumn months due to the land characteristics and location. Contrary to Afşin Elbistan Power Plants, correlations are low for three power plants in Muğla, but Yatağan Power Plant has the highest correlation (R2=0.27) between them. Similarly, for Muğla, the correlation between satellite retrievals 10 km around the power plant and satellite retrievals around the AQMS (R2=0.54) was found to be higher than the correlation between satellite retrievals around the power plant and ground-based measurements (R2=018). There is a low correlation (R2=0.27) between satellite retrievals and ground-based measurements around AQMS. In order to improve the ground-based measurements, it should be located close to the power plants, taking into account the wind and land characteristics. Finally, the contribution of GPPs to SO2 pollution is investigated, starting from the province of Aydın, where small hot spots are seen. The monthly average gridded SO2 distributions clearly show the pollution around GPPs especially in April, May and November months. Daily time series of satellite SO2 retrievals around the power plant also prove the contribution of geothermals to SO2 pollution with high SO2 concentrations in April 2019, May 2019, April 2020 and November 2020. In May 2019, the maximum concentrations were determined as 5.39 DU for Efeler, 3.45 DU for Ken-3, 2.54 DU for Mis-3 and 4.85 DU for Alaşehir. Concentration above 0.5 DU is observed in Ken-3 GPP with a capacity of 25 MWe in 34%, and with 165 MWe in Kızıldere GPP only in 20% of the days.