LEE- Metalurji ve Malzeme Mühendisliği-Doktora
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ÖgeInvestigation of the cutting performances of the diamond tools used in the natural stone industry(Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, 2021) Bulut, Berrak ; Baydoğan, Murat ; 709870 ; Metalurji ve MalzemeNatural stone production has become an increasingly important sector with developments in the construction sector in recent years.In this process, new natural stone quarries were opened, and the open quarries were further deepened and enlarged.The development of the natural stone production sector has provided the research of natural stone production methods and technological gains in production machines. Natural stone production in open mining is carried out in the form of cutting the natural stone from the bedrock with different methods and reducing it to the desired dimensions. The diamond cutting wire and saws are the newest and most advantageous method, which has the most application area among the block natural stone production methods.In these methods, after the diamond toolsare contacted with the stone surface to be cut, it is moved at a certain speed with an electric or diesel drive unit, and the cutting process is carried out by breaking off a piece of natural stone with the abrasive wear. Diamond segments are composite materials created by mixing diamond grains and metal powders. Generally, powder metallurgy method is used as production technology. There are many geological and physico-mechanical factors affecting the field performance of the diamond cutting tools; machine power, hardness and abrasiveness of the stone to be cut, operator experience, diamond segment design and production technology. In addition to these parameters, the most important factor affecting the cutting performance is the selection of the metal matrix composition of the diamond tools and the determination of the properties of the diamond such as concentration, grain size and coating type. Diamond is used in cutting, drilling and polishing of hard materials due to its high hardness and high wear resistance.The size of the diamond grains used in the segment is in the range of 18-60 mesh. 20/30 mesh diamond size is for cutting very low hardness and coarse grained stones such as limestone and sandstone, 30/40 mesh diamond size is for cutting medium hard marble stone, 40/50 mesh diamond size is for cutting hard and fine grained stones such as granite and basalt, and 50/ 60 mesh diamond grain size is preferred for cutting flint and very hard granite type stone. As the diamond grain size gets thinner, the impact strength increases. Although high cutting speeds can be achieved with coarse-grained diamonds, fine-grained diamond is preferred as the hardness of the cut stone increases.In addition to diamond grain size, another characteristic that affects cutting performance is its concentration. Concentration refers to the volume of diamond in the insert mix and is calculated by the weight of the diamond in the metal matrix layer. The high diamond concentration provides high wear resistance for the diamond tools, even at high loads. However, a large contact surface requires lowering the grinding intensity. In this case, a lower diamond concentration should be used. Diamonds segments wear during the production of natural stone. This wear can occur both on the diamond grain and between the diamond-matrix interface. The main task of the metal matrix in diamond tools is to hold the diamonds in its structure and to wear it in compatible with the diamond. The matrix should keep the diamonds that have not completed their cutting task in the structure, but should be worn so that the diamonds that have completed the cutting process leave the structure and are replaced by new diamonds with sharp edges. The cobalt (Co) powders and alloys are matrix materials that are widely used in cutting processes of marble and granites. Copper (Cu), tin (Sn) or bronze are used as a metal matrix materials for decrasing the porosity. Tungsten (W) can be used to for increasing the mechanical properties of the metal matrix material. In this study, the metal matrix compositions were developed to improve the cutting performances of the diamond tools. Three different publications are presented in this thesis. The first publication is on the examination of the morphology, microstructure and mechanical properties of Co powders that can be used in the metal matrix composition, and the selection of the appropriate Co powder that can increase the field performance of the diamond tools. The second publication is on the determination of the matrix compositon to increase the cutting speed of the diamond toolsdue to the properties of the stone. In this study, iron (Fe)-based and Co-based metal matrices were formed. In the third publication, aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag)addition were used to increase the performances of thediamond tools in the production of Ankara andesite stone. The first part of the thesis examines the effects of powder grain shape on the final product. The Co powders with spherical(Co-S) and rod-like(Co-R) grain shapes are preferred by the manufacturers in many countries. The effects of these grain shapes on the production of the segment and thus on the final product were examined comparatively. Freeman (FT4) rheometer analysis was performed to predict the behavior of the powders in the cold pressing process. The grain shapes, grain sizes and surface areas of the powders were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), grain size distribution measurement and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis. The crystal size of the powders was determined by the Williamson–Hall (W–H) method. Microstructure analyzes were determined by SEM and X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and the density was determined by the Archimedes. The mechanical properties were determined by microhardness measurement, compression test and abrasion test. According to the results obtained by the powder characterization studies, the grain size of Co-S powder is lower than Co-R powder. According to the FT4 analysis results, it was determined that the cold press fluidity of Co-S powder is high, it can fill the cold press mold without creating deep cavities, and the powders are stable against air flow. The results obtained in Co-R powderrevealed that the powders are not stable with air flow, their fluidity is low and they created cavities in the cold press mold during powder filling. It was determined that Co-R samples contain 25% more porosity than Co-S samples. The highest mechanical properties were obtained in Co-S samples. According to the results of this study, the grain shape of the powders significantly affects the powder properties. The Co-S powders are more appropriate in the production of the diamond tools is and it was preferred in the metal matrix compositions in the next studies of the thesis. In the second part of the thesis, the metal matrix compositions to be used in cutting marble and granite stones were examined. Fe-based and Co-based metal matrix groups were formed. In order to determine the microstructure and mechanical properties, SEM, XRD, density measurement, hardness measurement, compression test and relative wear tests were performed. In order to determine the field performances, diamond cutting wires were produced. The hardness, compression strength and the relative wear resistance of Co-based samples are higher than Fe-based samples. The high cutting speeds were obtained with Fe-based matrices in marble stone production. The Fe-based metal matrix is worn during cutting and new diamonds with sharp corners come to the surface and increasing the cutting speed. In Co-based matrices, on the other hand, the cutting speed in marble stone production remained low, because the broken and damaged diamonds remained on the surface and could not perform well during the cutting process. In granite stone cutting, the higher cutting speeds were obtained in Co-based matrices. The high mechanical properties given by Co are maintained at high temperatures to provide high cutting speeds and high service life to the segments. In this study, it has been determined that the first step in the production of the diamond tools is to understand the characteristics of the stone to be cut. In the last part of the thesis, similar to the second part of the thesis, the metal matrix compositions according to stone properties were examined to increase the cutting performance of the diamondsegments. Ankara andesite stone has high hardness and abrasiveness. Since it is in the volcanic stone group, it contains high porosity and glassy phases. Due to its structural features, the service life of the cutting tools is low. For this reason, Al and Ag were used as a matrix material to increase the service lifethe Co-based matrix composition. The microstructure and mechanical properties of metal matrices were determined comparatively. Diamond circular saws were used for field trials. According to the results of the analysis, Ag spread between the grain boundaries and filled the existing porosities. The mechanical properties of the samples increased with the formation of the Al13Co4 intermetallic phase and a decrease in the porosity. The high cutting speeds and long lifetimes were determined for Al and Ag added samples. 57.14%vol. more stone cutting was achieved. The cutting tools obtained from the matrix composition developed in this study are produced in series and the produced saws continue to be used in andesite and basalt stone cutting in Ankara and Kayseri, Turkey. The matrix compositions developed in the thesis have been used in different stone types in different countries and mass production continues.