LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi Lisansüstü Programı
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Yazar "Koyuncu, İsmail" ile LEE- Çevre Bilimleri Mühendisliği ve Yönetimi Lisansüstü Programı'a göz atma
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ÖgeComparison between membrane bioreactor and hybrid membrane bioreactor (IFAS MBR) systems: A pilot scale study(Graduate School, 2024-11-07) Demirbilekli, Muhammed Ahmet ; Koyuncu, İsmail ; 501211723 ; Environmental Science, Engineering and ManagementWith the increasing global demand for water treatment, there has been rising interest in innovative treatment methods that offer compact designs, cost-effectiveness, and high-quality water output. Membrane technologies have emerged as a leading solution in this domain and are increasingly being adopted in place of conventional systems, especially in domestic wastewater treatment facilities. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) systems, due to their economic feasibility and ease of operation, have become a key focus of research in the field. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) systems are a cutting-edge process that integrates biological wastewater treatment with advanced membrane filtration, offering a highly efficient solution for both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. In MBR systems, biological degradation of organic matter occurs through the activated sludge process, while solid-liquid separation is achieved using a membrane. This obviates the need for secondary settling tanks, which are a standard component of traditional wastewater treatment facilities. Fine pores of membrane, typically in the microfiltration or ultrafiltration range, allow for high-quality effluent with low turbidity and nearly complete removal of suspended solids and pathogens. MBR systems are particularly valued for their ability to operate with higher biomass concentrations, resulting in smaller footprint requirements and improved treatment performance. Today, it has become necessary to revise conventional wastewater treatment plants to ensure nitrogen and phosphorus removal and to achieve treatment efficiency levels that allow for wastewater reuse in water-intensive industries. To meet these demands, new technologies must be employed, and wherever possible, local resources should be utilized in the design of facilities and selection of equipment. In doing so, the environmental sector can reduce dependency on foreign technologies. The Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) system represents a relatively recent advancement in wastewater treatment technology, providing several benefits compared to conventional activated sludge systems. In IFAS systems, a growth medium is introduced into the activated sludge tank to facilitate biomass development and enhance the overall treatment process. This medium can either be fixed or free-moving. The technology is relatively recent and can be implemented either as an upgrade to existing facilities or as part of new construction projects. IFAS integrates advantages of traditional activated sludge and biofilm technologies within a single reactor, providing performance improvements of up to 40% without requiring additional aeration tanks. The media in IFAS system provides an increased surface area to support greater biomass accumulation and enhances microbial growth, increasing sludge retention time and treatment efficiency. This thesis presents a comparative analysis of the operational performance of two wastewater treatment systems: a Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) and a Hybrid Membrane Bioreactor known as the Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge Membrane Bioreactor (IFAS MBR). The two systems were operated simultaneously parallel under identical conditions using real wastewater from the Istanbul Technical University's Ayazaga Campus. The aim of the study was to assess the treatment efficiencies, operational stability, and membrane fouling behaviors of both systems in handling municipal wastewater at SRT 5 days.
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ÖgeFabrication of thin film nanocomposite pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes using cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and evaluation of performances in the processes(Graduate School, 2021-02-02) Paşaoğlu, Mehmet Emin ; Koyuncu, İsmail ; 659118 ; Environmental EngineeringNowadays, owing to quick world population growth and abrupt economy, high water demands desire innovative technologies in order to ensure clean and safe water with lower energy use. Severe environmental emissions arising by the consumption of fossil fuels often needs us to build energy harvesting technology which are environmentally sustainable. As an advanced technology, osmotic membrane processes consisting of forward and pressure-retarded osmosis, are conceived to be conspicuous technologies for the treatment, recycling and reuse of wastewaters and the harvesting of salinity gradient energy which is called "Blue Energy". Nevertheless, forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) are at the level of growth yet. It is difficult piece of work to fabricate osmotic membranes obtaine high water permeability and perfect ion retention. The ideal osmotic membrane candidate can be a thin film composite membrane satisfy the conditions which has high water permeation and as soon as low reverse salt flux ratio. Furthermore, for the membrane to endure relatively high hydraulic pressures in PRO systems, certain mechanical properties are vital. Thankfully, membranes that are fabricated with electrospinning method have an excellent capability to overcome all specifications of the perfect support layer in consequence of porous structure characteristics and simplicity with that nanomaterials may be integrated to enhance the nanofibers mechanical strength. Apart from this, interfacial polymerization (IP) may be accomplished to electrospun nanofiber membrane to achieve a very thin selective polyamide coating. TFN membranes may show tremendous potential in osmotically driven membrane processes after integrating nano additives into their support layer. The aim of this thesis to carry out and design a comprehensive study on the development of reinforced pressure retarded osmosis membranes. Specifically, this thesis presents the development of novel nanofiber supported thin film composite membranes with high water permeability and excellent selectivity for solvents, while showing an excellent mechanical strength for PRO processes. Interfacial polymerization reactions were used to construct very thin polyamide selective layer on the support, and electrospinning process was used to fabricate a number of support layers. Initially, we investigated the potential to use flat sheet electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers as support support layer to fabricate PRO membranes. Polyamide TFCs were successfully applied on five different substrate containing 0,1,2,5,10% crystal nanocellulose (CNC) in 16% PAN polymer solution. PRO membranes successfully fabricated via tailor-made flat sheet fabrication unit. It is concluded that PAN and CNC generated a complete mixture according to SEM, FTIR, DMA & contact angle analysis findings.The addition of CNC improved the mechanical strength of PAN support layers which is the main phenomenon in PRO applications. The newly developed membrane can achieve a higher PRO water flux of 300 LMH, using a 1 M NaCl draw solution and deionized water feed solution. The corresponding salt flux is only 1.5 gMH. The reverse flux selectivity represented by the ratio of water flux to reverse salt flux (Jw/Js) was able to be kept as high as 200 L/g for PRO operation. Following the success of flat-sheet TFN PRO membrane fabrication, improvements need to be done to increase packing density of fabricated final membrane modules. In this point, we used a novel technique to fabricate tubular membranes for PRO applications. The newly fabricated membrane achieves a higher PRO water flux of 405.38 LMH with using a 1 M NaCl and a DI as feed water. The corresponding salt flux is found as 2.10 gMH which is higher than flat sheet membranes. The selectivity of the reversed flux represented by the ratio of the water flow to the reversed salt flux (Jw/ Js) was able to be kept as high as 193.03 L/g for PRO operation.As far as we know, the performance of the work developed membrane in this study has shown better performance than all PRO membranes reported in the literature previously.
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ÖgeLife cycle assessment of package and ultrafiltration systems and four disinfection technologies for a full-scale water treatment plant(Graduate School, 2024-08-02) Demir, Mehmet Zahid ; Koyuncu, İsmail ; 501152714 ; Environmental Science Engineering and ManagementA growing global population underscores the urgent need for access to adequate drinking water, a basic human need. As recognized by the United Nations, access to safe and clean drinking water is a basic human right and obliges governments to ensure this right. To meet this need, various treatment and disinfection methods are used depending on the water source. The materials and equipment used in these processes are sourced from different sectors and discarded after use, potentially leading to significant environmental consequences such as depletion of natural resources, emissions and waste generation. To comprehensively assess these environmental impacts, Life Cycle Assessment is one of the most comprehensive and accuratemethodologies available. Today's approaches to improving drinking water quality are mainly based on physical and chemical processes as well as combination of those. Package treatment systems offer several advantages over conventional plants by treating water through pre-built treatment tanks using both physical and chemical processes. These systems are characterized by relatively low initial investment cost, minimal spatial footprint, quick installation and ease of operation. Furthermore, the materials used in these systems are recyclable, reducing their environmental impact. In contrast, ultrafiltration systems rely on physical processes which provide advantages such as reduced chemical use, minimal space requirements, operational simplicity and potential for capacity expansion. Regardless of the treatment method, disinfection of water is essential to ensure safety for consumption. Drinking water must be free of pathogenic microorganisms to be considered safe for human consumption. Common water disinfection techniques include chemical methods such as chlorination and ozonation, physical methods such as ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, advanced oxidation processes and electrochemical methods. UV irradiation is increasingly preferred because it is effective against a wide range of microorganisms and easy to use. From an economic point of view, chemical disinfection methods are generally more cost-effective, with the exception of ozone due to its high investment and operational costs. Although the adoption of UV systems has been increasing, it is supported by installations that utilize a variety of UV sources despite its relatively high investment cost. The aim of this thesis is to present a comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of the most widely used disinfection systems, including gas chlorine, ultraviolet and ozone, as well as package treatment and ultrafiltration water treatment systems, using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. This study aims to achieve a thorough comprehension of the ecological consequences associated with both water treatment and water disinfection systems, with the objective of facilitating knowledgeable decision-making in the pursuit of environmentally sustainable water treatment and disinfection alternatives. The comparisons were made by following the steps of ISO 14040 "Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework" standard. ISO 14040 specifies the steps to be applied in LCA studies and how they should be, and ISO 14044 "Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidance" explains these steps in detail. The treatment and disinfection systems examined in this thesis include phases i) Goal and scope definition ii) Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) iii) Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) and iv) Life cycle interpretation. The data used for the environmental impact calculations were collected through site visits, literature and market researchThe data collected were arranged in accordance with the functional unit and utilized in the computational process.. For the calculation of environmental impact values, SimaPro, an LCA software, was used to evaluate 18 impact categories together with the ReCiPe LCA methodology. The results of the water treatment and disinfection systems examined within the scope of the thesis were analyzed and the results were compared with the existing studies in the literature in line with the thesis subject. The water treatment systems were compared in terms of their environmental impacts from both operation and construction. Although more material is used to produce package water treatment system than ultrafiltration water treatment system, it is seen that the environmental impact of package treatment systems is less in all impact categories. The main reason for this is the high environmental impact of the production of materials used in the production of ultrafiltration systems and the high energy consumption required for operation. Another important aspect is that the materials used in the production of the treatment tanks used in package treatment systems (e.g. stainless steel, galvanized sheet) can be reused instead of being disposed of at the end of their useful life. The comparison of water disinfection systems considers only the impacts caused by the operational phase. Environmental impacts caused by the production of the water disinfection equipment are not included in the calculations. The reason for this is that there is no literature information about the production of the disinfection equipment examined and the manufacturers do not share this information. Among the water disinfection equipment compared, the systems with the lowest environmental impact were the UV system using low pressure amalgam ultraviolet lamps and the gas chlorine system. The ozone system and the UV system using LED ultraviolet lamps had the highest environmental impact. The main reason for this result is the amount of energy required for operation. The results show that the environmental impacts of the water treatment and disinfection processes are important for the source of the energy and material production steps used in the plant. When utilizing two separate sets of electricity generation data - one encompassing global electricity generation and the other focusing on local electricity generation - no alteration was observed in the ecological impact rating of water disinfection systems. However, variations were evident in each impact category, both showing increases and declines. The use of renewable energy sources will reduce the environmental impacts of drinking water treatment and disinfection systems.
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ÖgeRecovery of rare earth elements from waste and wastewater(Graduate School, 2021-12-14) Yüksekdağ, Ayşe ; Koyuncu, İsmail ; 501152710 ; Environmental Science Engineering and ManagementREEs is a group of elements comprising Lanthanides, Scandium, and Yttrium. These elements are used in many alloys, permanent magnets, wind turbines, defense industry products, magnetic resonance imaging systems, catalytic converters, mobile phones, computers, and so on. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, these elements contribute to the development of many technological products due to their efficiency, size reduction, energy reduction, and superior chemical and physical stability. REEs are classified as LREEs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm) and HREEs (Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Y) according to their arrangement in the periodic table. Another classification method is based on the criticality of these elements and is as follows: Critical REEs (Nd, Eu, Tb, Dy, Er, Y), uncritical REEs (La, Pr, Sm, Gd), and excess REEs (Ce, Ho, Tm, Yb, Lu). These elements are also called "vitamins of modern industry" due to their unique properties. In the first stage of the thesis, a comprehensive literature review was prepared. Recovery of REEs and scandium from secondary sources under a circular economy framework was reviewed with a holistic approach. Moreover, the latest statistical data and studies have been summarized. 46 million tons of red mud was generated in the first four months of 2021 worldwide. In 2018, 750 million tons of thermal power plant fly ash were released in European Union member countries. Globally, over 53 million of e-waste was generated in 2019. These and many other types of waste need appropriate management, as they are large in quantity. On the other hand, they are valuable secondary resources due to their critical element content. Within the scope of the second chapter of the thesis, a total of 32 different samples containing (1) combustion residues, (2) mine wastes, (3) treatment sludges & sediments, (4) e-waste, and (5) various water, wastewater, and geothermal water were investigated. Then, REEs, scandium, and other critical, precious, and base element potentials were exhibited. According to the results obtained, Ce, La, Nd, and Y elements were found the most in the secondary sources obtained from Turkey, respectively. The highest total REEs concentration was found in thermal power plant fly ash and e-waste mixture. The waste with the highest content of critical rare earth elements was e-waste. For this reason, e-waste was chosen for recovery studies. In the third stage of the thesis, e-waste was crushed, ground, and sieved, respectively, and separated into size fractions. The effects of the particle size of the waste, the type of acid used, and the waste:acid ratio on the leaching of REEs were investigated. It was seen that the highest leaching efficiency was obtained from the smallest grain size. However, it was observed that the leaching efficiency decreased as the amount of e-waste used per unit volume of acid increased. The highest yield was obtained with aqua regia and the lowest waste:acid (5 mg/mL acid) ratio. In the fourth step, which is the last experimental part of the thesis, the separation of rare earth elements by membrane applications from e-waste leachate, prepared with nitric acid, was optimized using response surface methodology. In the first stage, e-waste leachate was pre-treated and concentrated in the nanofiltration process. This stage was optimized as a pretreatment pH of 1.5 and an NF operating pressure of 14.5 bar. In the second stage, the pre-treated leachate was fed directly to the supported liquid membrane process, which is a kind of membrane solvent extraction. Finally, the optimization studies were repeated by feeding the NF concentrated phase to the supported liquid membrane. Optimum operating conditions were found to be the same as for direct membrane solvent extraction (pH: 1.5 and D2EHPA concentration: 15%). An increase in the separation efficiency of HREEs and a decrease in the separation of LREEs were observed in the case of MSX with pre-concentration. In sum, HREEs could be separated with higher purity by applying NF concentration before membrane solvent extraction.
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ÖgeRecovery of water and chemicals from textile wastewater with ceramic membranes(Graduate School, 2021-12-17) Ağtaş, Meltem ; Koyuncu, İsmail ; 501142702 ; Environmental Sciences Engineering and ManagementDecreased water resources in our world necessitate the treatment and reuse of polluted water. Water recovery is of vital importance, both in terms of sustainability and economy, especially in industries that consume large amounts of water. One of the industries that consume a high amount of water is the textile industry. In the textile industry, 0.06-0.40 m3 water/kg product is used according to literature. In parallel with the amount of water used in the processes in the textile industry, a high amount of wastewater is generated. These wastewaters are known to contain high COD, different dyes, heavy metals, etc. For this reason, it is not possible to discharge these wastewaters into the environment without proper treatment. Many traditional methods for the treatment of textile wastewater such as coagulation flocculation, activated carbon adsorption, ozonation and biological treatment are used. However, these methods cannot meet strict discharge limits or are not economically viable. Therefore, membrane processes come to the fore in textile wastewater treatment since they are recommended for textile wastewater treatment in the BAT (Best Available Techniques) reference document. As a result of textile wastewater treatment with membrane processes, high-efficiency treatment is provided and the treated wastewater can have the potential to be reused. Polymeric membranes are generally preferred in treatment processes. However, since textile wastewaters have high temperatures and extreme pH values, the use of polymeric membranes is not suitable. The textile industry produces wastewater with temperatures that can go up to 90-95 °C. Generally, wastewater must be cooled down before membrane treatment. For efficient treatment, membranes have to be thermally stable; most polymeric membranes tend to degrade at high temperatures and therefore, they are not suitable for hot wastewater treatment.Therefore, the use of ceramic membranes in the treatment of textile wastewater is a viable method. Besides, when ceramic and polymeric membranes are compared, it can be said that ceramic membranes are having more advantageous in terms of high thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability, well-defined pore size distribution, and high flux. In this thesis, a comprehensive study was carried out on the pilot-scale water and chemical recovery using ceramic membranes from real textile wastewater and the development of halloysite nanotube doped membranes for the treatment and recovery of real textile wastewater. First, a pilot-scale ceramic ultrafiltration/nanofiltration system was operated for hot water recovery by treating real textile wastewater in a selected textile factory. Later, in the same facility, real textile wastewater with caustic content was used in order to make chemical recovery. Based on the successful results of these studies, after it was proven that water and chemical recovery can be made with ceramic membranes, halloysite nanoclay added membranes were produced in order to make this process more economical, and treatment trials were carried out with real wastewater from the same facility and important results were obtained.