Soya Ürünlerinde Fonksiyonel Bileşenlerin Karakterizasyonu Ve Soya Ekmeği Özelliklerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi
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Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Institute of Science and Technology
Institute of Science and Technology
Özet
Soya ürünlerinde; fenolik madde ve izoflavon miktarı ve profilleri, antioksidan aktiviteleri, temel kimyasal kompozisyonları, diyet lifi içerikleri, soya proteini ve teknolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Soya sütü tozu (SST), soya unu (SU), soya lifleri (çözünür-ÇSL, ve çözünür olmayan-ÇOSL) ve soya protein izolatları (SPI, farklı denatürasyon derecelerinde) ile üretilen soya ekmeklerinde kompozisyon analizleri (nem, kül, protein, diyet lifi), fiziksel özellikler (ekmek hacmi, ağırlığı, özgün hacmi, sertliği, ekmek içi ve kabuk rengi) ve fizikokimyasal özellikler (su aktivitesi, nem içeriği, dondurulabilir/dondurulabilir olmayan su miktarları, amilopektin kristallenmesi, sıkılık) depolama süresince analizlenmiştir. Soya ürünlerinde en yüksek fenolik madde, izoflavon miktarları ve antioksidan aktiviteleri SU ve SST için elde edilmiştir. Ekmeklerde hacim artışında ve yumuşaklıkta ÇSL etkili olurken, SPI ve ÇOSL ters etkiler göstermiştir. Yedi günlük depolama süresince lif ilavelerinin ekmek sertliklerini önemli ölçüde değiştirdiği gözlenmiştir. En büyük değişim ÇSL için olurken (5 kat) en düşük SST’de ilave edilen ekmeklerde (%12,3) olmuştur. SPI taze ekmek sertliğini arttırırken, ÇSL ekmeklerde önemli ölçüde yumuşaklık sağlamıştır. Genellikle ekmek içi renginde bayatlama ile küçük değişimler meydana gelirken, tüm formülasyonlarda kabuk rengi koyulaşmıştır. Ekmeklerde soya esaslı bileşen miktarı arttıkça, yapı içerisinde tutulan su miktarı da artmıştır. Depolama süresinde SST’nin bayatlamayı geciktirdiği ve bu etkinin çözünür lif ve yağ içeriğinin birlikte etkileşimleriyle ortaya çıktığı, ÇOSL’nin ise bayatlamayı olumsuz yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Soya sütü tozu ilavesi hem fonksiyonel bileşenler açısından zenginleştirme hem de ekmek özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi açısından ekmek formülasyonlarında yararlı bir bileşen olarak tavsiye edilmektedir.
In soy based ingredients; phenolic and isoflavone contents and profiles, antioxidant activities, proximate compositions, dietary fiber contents, and soy protein and technological properties were determined. Afterwards, soy breads were produced by additions of soy based ingredients such as soy milk powder (SMP), soy flour (SF), soy fibers (soluble- SDF and insoluble-ISDF) and soy protein isolates (SPI, at different denaturation levels), at levels that were simulating the components of SMP. Proximate components (moisture, ash, protein, dietary fiber), physical properties (loaf volume, weight, specific volume, firmness, crumb and crust color) and physicochemical properties (water activity, moisture content, freezable/unfreezable water content, amylopectin crystallisation, stiffness) were analyzed in breads during storage. The highest phenolic and isoflavone contents and greatest antioxidant activities were obtained for SF and SMP breads. In soy breads, SDF addition was found to increase loaf volume and softness however SPI and ISDF additions had negative effects. Fiber additions significantly changed bread firmness during 7 days of storage. Highest change was obtained for SDF (5 fold) and lowest for SMP (12.3%) additions. SPI increased bread firmness whereas SDF provided significant softness in soy breads. Generally, staling induced slight changes in crumb color. However crust color got darker in all formulations. As the content of soy based ingredients increased, the amount of water held in bread matrix also increased. By the end of storage, SMP retarded staling and this effect was attributed to the combined effect of its SDF and fat contents, whereas ISDF induced staling. SMP is recommended as a useful ingredient for bread formulations through its positive effects on bread quality characteristics while enhancing the functional components.
In soy based ingredients; phenolic and isoflavone contents and profiles, antioxidant activities, proximate compositions, dietary fiber contents, and soy protein and technological properties were determined. Afterwards, soy breads were produced by additions of soy based ingredients such as soy milk powder (SMP), soy flour (SF), soy fibers (soluble- SDF and insoluble-ISDF) and soy protein isolates (SPI, at different denaturation levels), at levels that were simulating the components of SMP. Proximate components (moisture, ash, protein, dietary fiber), physical properties (loaf volume, weight, specific volume, firmness, crumb and crust color) and physicochemical properties (water activity, moisture content, freezable/unfreezable water content, amylopectin crystallisation, stiffness) were analyzed in breads during storage. The highest phenolic and isoflavone contents and greatest antioxidant activities were obtained for SF and SMP breads. In soy breads, SDF addition was found to increase loaf volume and softness however SPI and ISDF additions had negative effects. Fiber additions significantly changed bread firmness during 7 days of storage. Highest change was obtained for SDF (5 fold) and lowest for SMP (12.3%) additions. SPI increased bread firmness whereas SDF provided significant softness in soy breads. Generally, staling induced slight changes in crumb color. However crust color got darker in all formulations. As the content of soy based ingredients increased, the amount of water held in bread matrix also increased. By the end of storage, SMP retarded staling and this effect was attributed to the combined effect of its SDF and fat contents, whereas ISDF induced staling. SMP is recommended as a useful ingredient for bread formulations through its positive effects on bread quality characteristics while enhancing the functional components.
Açıklama
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007
Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007
Thesis (PhD) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007
Konusu
Soya ürünleri, soya ekmeği, bayatlama, Soy products, soy bread, bread staling
