Siting and sizing of renewable energy supported electric vehicle charging stations along highways with a novel interoperable smart energy management system

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have experienced rapid growth in recent years, driven by advancements in battery technology and mass production. With global EV sales surging, the demand for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) has risen accordingly. However, the majority of these developments are concentrated in economically developed countries due to the significant costs associated with installing EVCS infrastructure. Economic disparities have also influenced EV and EVCS distribution, with metropolitan areas typically being better served compared to regions with smaller populations. On intercity roads, where drivers prefer time-efficient charging stops, the strategic placement of EVCSs along highways becomes crucial. The increasing adoption of EVs has also brought challenges in meeting rising energy demands. EV batteries, typically ranging from 50 to 80 kWh, place substantial stress on the grid, particularly when multiple vehicles need fast charging simultaneously. Coordinated management of EVCSs is essential to prevent grid overload and ensure efficient resource allocation. Properly sizing charging infrastructure based on traffic patterns and charging behaviors, combined with coordinated energy management, can prevent both undersized and oversized EVCS systems, optimizing both operational efficiency and investment costs. Another major concern is the environmental impact of the growing energy demand for EVs. While EVs are promoted as a greener alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles, their reliance on grids still powered largely by fossil fuels creates a paradox. Integrating renewable energy sources into EVCSs is seen as a solution, but hybrid systems must balance environmental benefits with economic viability. Therefore, multi-objective approaches are needed to create sustainable and practical solutions for EVCS infrastructure. This thesis emphasizes the strategic importance of siting and sizing of EVCSs along highways to facilitate the widespread adoption of EVs and promote sustainable transportation.