Atık malzemelerin drenaj sistemlerinde kullanım uygunluğunun deneysel olarak incelenmesi
Atık malzemelerin drenaj sistemlerinde kullanım uygunluğunun deneysel olarak incelenmesi
Dosyalar
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Bayın Sarıahmetoğlu, Ayşegül
Süreli Yayın başlığı
Süreli Yayın ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayınevi
Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Özet
Nüfus artışı ve teknolojinin hızlı gelişimi nedeni ile dünyadaki doğal kaynakların tüketimi her geçen gün artmakta ve bu hızlı tüketime bağlı olarak sınırlı olan doğal kaynaklar azalmaktadır. Doğal kaynakların hızla tüketilmesi, çevrenin tehlikeli bir biçimde bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu tahribatın etkilerini azaltmak ve ortadan kaldırmak amacıyla, farklı endüstri kollarında, malzemelerin üretimi sırasında elde edilen yan ürün veya atıkların, inşaat mühendisliği uygulamalarında kullanılması ile ilgili çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Atık malzemeleri yeniden değerlendirerek kullanmak hem çevrede oluşacak problemleri en aza indirmekte, hem de bu atıkların tekrardan kullanılması ile sürdürülebilir yönetim sistemine katkıda bulunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu atık malzemelerin, sürdürülebilir ilkeler çerçevesinde tekrardan kullanılması ile ülke ekonomisi için de birçok fayda sağlamaktadır. Geçmişten günümüze inşaat sektöründe, inşaat/yıkım (C&D) ve demir çelik sektörü atık malzemelerin kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Halihazırda, atık malzemelerin çimento ve beton üretiminde, yapı malzemelerinin yapımında, baraj, otoyol ve nükleer santrallerin inşasında, zemin iyileştirilmesi gibi geoteknik mühendisliği uygulamalarında kullanımına yönelik araştırmalar yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda ise, endüstriyel atıkların yol inşasında değerlendirilmesi için yapılan çalışmalar yaygınlaşmış, araştırma sonuçları yol yapımında kullanılan bazı atık malzemeler ile yolların bazı özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesinin mümkün olduğunu göstermiştir. Yolların servis ömrü boyunca etkin bir şekilde kullanılabilmesi için yer altı ve yer üstü sularının yol gövdesine zarar vermeden uzaklaştırılmasını sağlayan drenaj sistemlerinin düzgün çalışması önemlidir. Yol yapımında karşılaşılan stabilite, deformasyon ve taşıma gücü problemleri çoğunlukla yetersiz drenaj çalışmalarından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, başta yol altı drenaj sistemlerin teşkilinde kullanılabilinecek, atık agregaların filtrasyon performansı incelenmiştir. Deneylerde, inşaat/yıkım (C&D) atıklarından asfalt atık malzemesi (RAP), geri kazanılmış beton malzemesi (RCA), demir-çelik sektörü atık malzemesi olan çelik cürufu (SS) ve doğal agregalar (DA) kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada farklı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklere sahip atık malzemeler ile birlikte, örgüsüz geotekstil malzeme kullanılarak oluşturulan drenaj sisteminin uzun süreli filtrasyon davranışı incelenmiştir. Farklı agrega türü ve örgüsüz geotekstilden oluşan drenaj sisteminin zamana bağlı filtrasyon davranışının belirlenmesi için ASTM D 5101 standartında tanımlanan uzun süreli filtrasyon deney sistemi, geliştirilerek imalatı yaptırılmıştır. İmalatı yaptırılmış olan, geliştirilmiş uzun süreli filtrasyon deneyi düzeneğinde agrega-geotekstil sistemlerinin uzun süreli filtrasyon deneyleri (LFT) yapılmıştır. Uzun süreli filtrasyon deneyleri ile atık malzeme–geotekstil sisteminde oluşabilecek potansiyel tıkanma mekanizmaları, zaman ve akış yönüne bağlı olarak malzeme dane çapı dağılımındaki değişimler belirlenmiştir. Deneylerde kullanılmış olan geotekstilin filtreleme ve tıkanma performansını belirlemek için optik görüntülemede yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu tez çalışmasında, uzun süreli filtrasyon deneyleri ile özellikle yol altı drenaj sistemlerinin teşkilinde kullanılacak olan doğal filtre malzemeleri yerine geri kazanılmış asfalt, geri kazanılmış beton ve çelik cürufu gibi farklı atık malzemenin kullanılabilirliğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yol altı drenaj sistemlerinde atık malzemelerinin kullanılabilineceğinin deneysel olarak tespiti ile geoteknik mühendisliği proje ve uygulamalarında, düşük maliyetli, sürdürülebilirliği destekleyen projelerin üretilmesine, katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Değişik hidrolik eğimler altında gerçekleştirilen uzun süreli filtrasyon deneylerinde agrega-geotekstil sisteminin tıkanma performansını tanımlayacak olan hidrolik eğim oranı (GR) ve geçirimlilik oranı (KR) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Tez çalışmasında, atık malzemelerin filtrasyon performansının karşılaştırılması amacı ile iki farklı tesisten elde edilmiş doğal agrega da (DA) kullanılmıştır. Geotekstil olarak tıkanma açısından en olumsuz durumu sağlayacak gözenek açıklığına sahip olan bir örgüsüz geotekstil tercih edilmiştir. Geliştirilerek imalatı yaptırılmış olan uzun süreli filtrasyon deney sistemi kullanılarak yapılan deneyler sonucunda, geri kazanılmış asfalt malzemenin performansının doğal agrega sonuçları ile yeterli seviyede karşılaştırılabilir olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, içeriğindeki bitüm malzeme oranı kontrol edildiği takdirde filtrasyon özellikleri bakımından yol altı drenaj sistemlerinde agrega olarak kullanılabilineceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, geri kazanılmış beton malzemenin performansının doğal agrega malzemenin performansına daha benzer olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Geliştirilmiş ASTM D 5101 deney sistemi kullanılarak yapılan deneyler sonucunda, çelik cürufu malzemenin performansının, doğal agrega malzemenin performansı ile kıyaslandığında tıkanma açısından geri kazanılmış asfalt malzemeden daha iyi, geri kazanılmış betondan daha kötü performans sergilediği anlaşılmıştır. Geotekstil malzeme üzerinde yapılan optik görüntülemede de tıkanık bölgeler ve tıkanma derecesi mikrofotoğraflar ile belirlenmiştir.
Due to the population growth and the rapid development of technology, the consumption of natural resources in the world is increasing day by day therefore the limited natural resources are decreasing due to this rapid consumption. Rapid consumption of natural resources causes dangerous deterioration of the environment. In order to reduce and eliminate the effects of this destruction, various studies are carried out on the use of by-products or wastes obtained during the production of materials in different industries in civil engineering applications. Reusing waste materials both minimizes the problems in the environment and contributes to the sustainable management system by reusing these wastes. In addition, the reuse of these waste materials within the framework of sustainable principles provides many benefits for the country's economy. From past to present, studies on construction / demolition (C&D) and the use of waste materials in the iron and steel industry are continuing. Up to the present reseaches were carried out, researches are carried out on the use of waste materials in the production of cement and concrete, construction materials, construction of dams, highways and nuclear power plants, and geotechnical engineering applications such as soil improvement. In recent years, studies for the utilization of industrial wastes in road construction have become widespread, and the results of the research have shown that it is possible to improve some properties of the roads with some waste materials used in road construction. Proper functioning of the drainage systems that ensure the removal of underground and surface waters without damaging the road structure is important in order to use the roads effectively throughout their service life. Stability, deformation and bearing capacity problems encountered in road construction mostly result from insufficient drainage works. In this study, the filtration performance of waste aggregates that can be used in the construction of subroad drainage systems has been investigated. In the laboratory tests, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled concrete material (RCA), steel slag (SS) and natural aggregates (DA) were used. In the study, the long-term filtration behavior of the drainage system established using nonwoven geotextile material together with waste materials with different physical and chemical properties was investigated. The long term filtration test system defined in ASTM D 5101 standard has been developed and manufactured in order to determine the time-dependent filtration behavior of the drainage system consisting of different aggregate types and non-woven geotextiles. In the ASTM D 5101, it is stated that cylindrical samples with 100 or 150 mm diameter should be used according to the largest aggregate diameter to be used in the experiment. In previous studies, cylindrical samples with a diameter of 100 mm were used and manometer ports were placed at 25 mm and 75 mm heights from the sample base in order to take measurements in the experimental system. It was planned to use 150 mm diameter and 150 mm high cylindrical samples in the developed long-term filtration test system to be used in this study, and the production of permeameter chambers was made in these sizes. In addition, the number of manometers in the standard long-term permeability test system has been increased. In the developed test system, the manometers are planned to be placed at 25-75-125 mm heights from the geotextile base and the production has been done accordingly. Experimental work produced in Turkey drainage system to be used in the design and application of different physical and chemical properties of recycled asphalt, recycled concrete, industrial waste materials such as two different electric arc furnace (EAO) obtained from plant steel slag is used. The long term filtration performance of these materials has been compared with the performance of natural aggregate materials. Long-term filtration tests (LFT) of aggregate-geotextile systems have been performed in the manufactured and developed long term filtration test setup. Potential clogging mechanisms that may occur in the waste material-geotextile system, changes in the material grain diameter distribution depending on the time and flow direction were determined by long term filtration experiments. With the experimental determination of the usability of waste materials in under road drainage systems in terms of long ter performance, it is aimed to contribute to the production of low-cost, sustainability-supporting projects in geotechnical engineering projects and applications. Optical imaging was used to determine the filtering and clogging performance of the geotextile used in the experiments. In this study, it was aimed to determine the usability of different waste materials such as recycled asphalt, recycled concrete and steel slag instead of natural filter materials to be used especially in the formation of under-road drainage systems with long term filtration experiments. Within the scope of the test program, a thin section sample was prepared in order to observe the change in the porous structure of the geotextile after the long-term filtration test sample and the long-term filtration test to determine the physical clogging. In long-term filtration experiments to determine the hydraulic gradient ratios (GR) and permeability rates (KR) defined as clogging indexes or filtration parameters, which will define the behavior of different aggregate types in drainage systems consisting of aggregate and geotextile in the laboratory. The long term filtration tests were performed on the samples compacted with standart proctor energy at optimum moisture content of materials. The hydraulic gradient ratio (GR) and permeability ratio (KR) values, which will define the clogging performance of the aggregate-geotextile system, were determined in the long-term filtration experiments carried out under different hydraulic gradients. In the thesis study, natural aggregates (DA) obtained from two different quary were also used in order to compare the filtration performance of waste materials. As a geotextile, a non-woven geotextile with a pore opening that will provide the most unfavorable situation in terms of clogging is preferred. The hydraulic gradient values used in previous studies usually ranging between 1 and 8. This study, in contrast to possible drainage structure in the embodiment matches, more lifelike hydraulic gradients are preferred. In the construction conditions section of the Highways Technical Specification, the filling base floor in highways; it is stated that it should be prepared at a minimum of 3% roof slope to allow transverse water discharge after the vegetal floor scraping is done. In this context, the hydraulic gradient values i = 0.33, 0.66, 1 and 2.5 and chosen as more realistic results than the former studies were obtained from a practical viewpoint. The main purpose of the study is; performing performance reviews for the use of industrial waste materials in drainage systems, and to determine the usability of the clogging performance of these waste materials by comparing with the natural aggregate currently used in drainage systems. In order to evaluate the filtration performance of the drainage systems that will be formed from industrial waste materials, it is necessary to investigate the long-term clogging behavior of the drainage system. For this reason, long-term filtration experiments were carried out in the developed ASTM D5101 test system, which was developed, redesigned and produced on a drainage system consisting of different industrial waste materials and geotextiles in the laboratory. In the same experimental system, long-term filtration experiments were carried out on natural aggregates with the same grain diameter distribution as industrial waste materials in order to make a performance comparison. As a result of the experiments conducted using the developed and manufactured long-term filtration test system, it was understood that the performance of the recycled asphalt material was comparable to the natural aggregate results at a sufficient level. In addition, it is thought that if the content of bitumen material is controlled, it can be used as aggregate in under-road drainage systems in terms of filtration properties. In addition, it has been found that the performance of recycled concrete material is more similar to that of natural aggregate material. As a result of the experiments conducted using the improved ASTM D 5101 test system, it was understood that the performance of the steel slag material was better than recycled asphalt material in terms of clogging and worse than recycled concrete when compared to the performance of natural aggregate material. In the optical imaging performed on the geotextile material, the occluded areas and the degree of obstruction were determined by microphotographs. It is thought that the test system, which was developed and manufactured to determine the filtration behavior of different aggregate and getotextile drainage systems in the laboratory, provides more realistic results than the standard long-term filtration test system. The reasons for taking more accurate and realistic measurements are that the sample size used in the experimental study is increased, the manometers placed at 25-75-125 mm heights of the chamber in order to take more accurate measurements and the test period is much longer than the test period specified in the standard. Within the scope of the study, it is not necessary to directly use the filtration parameters and filtration behavior of the aggregates used on the basis of the test results on a limited number of samples as a filtration parameter of any material. The values obtained for the materials used in this study can only be evaluated to estimate the filtration behavior of similar materials and to make a prediction. It should be noted that the data obtained in this study are specific to the materials used. Within the scope of the study, it is not necessary to directly use the filtration parameters and filtration behavior of the aggregates used on the basis of the test results on a limited number of samples as a filtration parameter of any material.
Due to the population growth and the rapid development of technology, the consumption of natural resources in the world is increasing day by day therefore the limited natural resources are decreasing due to this rapid consumption. Rapid consumption of natural resources causes dangerous deterioration of the environment. In order to reduce and eliminate the effects of this destruction, various studies are carried out on the use of by-products or wastes obtained during the production of materials in different industries in civil engineering applications. Reusing waste materials both minimizes the problems in the environment and contributes to the sustainable management system by reusing these wastes. In addition, the reuse of these waste materials within the framework of sustainable principles provides many benefits for the country's economy. From past to present, studies on construction / demolition (C&D) and the use of waste materials in the iron and steel industry are continuing. Up to the present reseaches were carried out, researches are carried out on the use of waste materials in the production of cement and concrete, construction materials, construction of dams, highways and nuclear power plants, and geotechnical engineering applications such as soil improvement. In recent years, studies for the utilization of industrial wastes in road construction have become widespread, and the results of the research have shown that it is possible to improve some properties of the roads with some waste materials used in road construction. Proper functioning of the drainage systems that ensure the removal of underground and surface waters without damaging the road structure is important in order to use the roads effectively throughout their service life. Stability, deformation and bearing capacity problems encountered in road construction mostly result from insufficient drainage works. In this study, the filtration performance of waste aggregates that can be used in the construction of subroad drainage systems has been investigated. In the laboratory tests, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled concrete material (RCA), steel slag (SS) and natural aggregates (DA) were used. In the study, the long-term filtration behavior of the drainage system established using nonwoven geotextile material together with waste materials with different physical and chemical properties was investigated. The long term filtration test system defined in ASTM D 5101 standard has been developed and manufactured in order to determine the time-dependent filtration behavior of the drainage system consisting of different aggregate types and non-woven geotextiles. In the ASTM D 5101, it is stated that cylindrical samples with 100 or 150 mm diameter should be used according to the largest aggregate diameter to be used in the experiment. In previous studies, cylindrical samples with a diameter of 100 mm were used and manometer ports were placed at 25 mm and 75 mm heights from the sample base in order to take measurements in the experimental system. It was planned to use 150 mm diameter and 150 mm high cylindrical samples in the developed long-term filtration test system to be used in this study, and the production of permeameter chambers was made in these sizes. In addition, the number of manometers in the standard long-term permeability test system has been increased. In the developed test system, the manometers are planned to be placed at 25-75-125 mm heights from the geotextile base and the production has been done accordingly. Experimental work produced in Turkey drainage system to be used in the design and application of different physical and chemical properties of recycled asphalt, recycled concrete, industrial waste materials such as two different electric arc furnace (EAO) obtained from plant steel slag is used. The long term filtration performance of these materials has been compared with the performance of natural aggregate materials. Long-term filtration tests (LFT) of aggregate-geotextile systems have been performed in the manufactured and developed long term filtration test setup. Potential clogging mechanisms that may occur in the waste material-geotextile system, changes in the material grain diameter distribution depending on the time and flow direction were determined by long term filtration experiments. With the experimental determination of the usability of waste materials in under road drainage systems in terms of long ter performance, it is aimed to contribute to the production of low-cost, sustainability-supporting projects in geotechnical engineering projects and applications. Optical imaging was used to determine the filtering and clogging performance of the geotextile used in the experiments. In this study, it was aimed to determine the usability of different waste materials such as recycled asphalt, recycled concrete and steel slag instead of natural filter materials to be used especially in the formation of under-road drainage systems with long term filtration experiments. Within the scope of the test program, a thin section sample was prepared in order to observe the change in the porous structure of the geotextile after the long-term filtration test sample and the long-term filtration test to determine the physical clogging. In long-term filtration experiments to determine the hydraulic gradient ratios (GR) and permeability rates (KR) defined as clogging indexes or filtration parameters, which will define the behavior of different aggregate types in drainage systems consisting of aggregate and geotextile in the laboratory. The long term filtration tests were performed on the samples compacted with standart proctor energy at optimum moisture content of materials. The hydraulic gradient ratio (GR) and permeability ratio (KR) values, which will define the clogging performance of the aggregate-geotextile system, were determined in the long-term filtration experiments carried out under different hydraulic gradients. In the thesis study, natural aggregates (DA) obtained from two different quary were also used in order to compare the filtration performance of waste materials. As a geotextile, a non-woven geotextile with a pore opening that will provide the most unfavorable situation in terms of clogging is preferred. The hydraulic gradient values used in previous studies usually ranging between 1 and 8. This study, in contrast to possible drainage structure in the embodiment matches, more lifelike hydraulic gradients are preferred. In the construction conditions section of the Highways Technical Specification, the filling base floor in highways; it is stated that it should be prepared at a minimum of 3% roof slope to allow transverse water discharge after the vegetal floor scraping is done. In this context, the hydraulic gradient values i = 0.33, 0.66, 1 and 2.5 and chosen as more realistic results than the former studies were obtained from a practical viewpoint. The main purpose of the study is; performing performance reviews for the use of industrial waste materials in drainage systems, and to determine the usability of the clogging performance of these waste materials by comparing with the natural aggregate currently used in drainage systems. In order to evaluate the filtration performance of the drainage systems that will be formed from industrial waste materials, it is necessary to investigate the long-term clogging behavior of the drainage system. For this reason, long-term filtration experiments were carried out in the developed ASTM D5101 test system, which was developed, redesigned and produced on a drainage system consisting of different industrial waste materials and geotextiles in the laboratory. In the same experimental system, long-term filtration experiments were carried out on natural aggregates with the same grain diameter distribution as industrial waste materials in order to make a performance comparison. As a result of the experiments conducted using the developed and manufactured long-term filtration test system, it was understood that the performance of the recycled asphalt material was comparable to the natural aggregate results at a sufficient level. In addition, it is thought that if the content of bitumen material is controlled, it can be used as aggregate in under-road drainage systems in terms of filtration properties. In addition, it has been found that the performance of recycled concrete material is more similar to that of natural aggregate material. As a result of the experiments conducted using the improved ASTM D 5101 test system, it was understood that the performance of the steel slag material was better than recycled asphalt material in terms of clogging and worse than recycled concrete when compared to the performance of natural aggregate material. In the optical imaging performed on the geotextile material, the occluded areas and the degree of obstruction were determined by microphotographs. It is thought that the test system, which was developed and manufactured to determine the filtration behavior of different aggregate and getotextile drainage systems in the laboratory, provides more realistic results than the standard long-term filtration test system. The reasons for taking more accurate and realistic measurements are that the sample size used in the experimental study is increased, the manometers placed at 25-75-125 mm heights of the chamber in order to take more accurate measurements and the test period is much longer than the test period specified in the standard. Within the scope of the study, it is not necessary to directly use the filtration parameters and filtration behavior of the aggregates used on the basis of the test results on a limited number of samples as a filtration parameter of any material. The values obtained for the materials used in this study can only be evaluated to estimate the filtration behavior of similar materials and to make a prediction. It should be noted that the data obtained in this study are specific to the materials used. Within the scope of the study, it is not necessary to directly use the filtration parameters and filtration behavior of the aggregates used on the basis of the test results on a limited number of samples as a filtration parameter of any material.
Açıklama
Tez (Doktora) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021
Anahtar kelimeler
AASHTO standardı,
AASHTO standard,
Zemin,
Soil