Türkiye'de çevrenin korunması konusunda yapılan yönetim hataları, sebepleri ve çözümleri

Abstract

20. yüzyıl insanoğlu için sanayi, bilgisayar, iletişim ve otomasyon ça?}ı olmuştur. Bu kavramlar insanın hayatını kolaylaştırıp, hayatın vazgeçilmez birer parçası haline gelmelerine rağmen, bir takım sorunları da beraberinde getirmişlerdir. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye'de de çağdaş yaşamın bir gereği olan sanayileşmeye paralel olarak "çevre kirliliği" olgusu ortaya çıkmıştır. Türkiye'de, son yirmi yıldır "çevre kirlenmesi" sorununun üzerine eğilmektedir. Bu konuda yapılması gereken ilk çalışma, sorunu oluşturan ya da çözümünde önemli ve etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Bu faktörlerin, bir sistem içerisinde verimli bir şekilde "çevre kirlenmesi" ni önleyebilmesi ya da mevcut duruma göre azaltabilmesi, ancak iyi bir organizasyon ile gerçekleşebilir. Bu da savlam bir yasal çerçeveye dayandırılarak mümkündür. Yasal çerçeve oluşturulmadan önce, ülkenin, mevcut sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel durumu da göz önüne alınmalıdır. Amaç, Türkiye'nin "Çevrenin Korunması" konusunda yönetim açısından yaptığı hataları belirlemek ve nasıl bir yönetim programı ile, Türkiye'de bu konuda başarıya ulaşılabileceği konusunda yol göstermektir.

As accepted by everybody, environmetal problems attains great importance today for all countries in the world while approaching the end of 20 th century. Everybody knows that there is not another world for living, at least for a while. The world does not have an other water resource or an other air resource, because of this reason human being have to use these resources by considering the future generations. 20 th century will be remembered as the begining and the development of industry, computer, telecomminication and automation. These concepts made life much easier, Today these are the important parts of human being's life, by the way they have brought alot of problems. Environmental pollution is one of the most important problems in the world. If the environment is polluted without considering the future consequences it will be very difficult to get the original; clean and healthy environment. It must be either paid unbleivable amount of money and time or left to die. IV In I960' s developed countries recognized that preventing or decreasing the pollution in the resource is much easier and cheaper. This had some costs, but when it was compared with the cost of pollution, it seemed very low. Most of the developing countries, like Turkey, did not see importance of environmental protection untill it effected the use of resources and daily life. Like the other countries, Turkey has also given increasing importance to environmental problems since 1972 and today. In the year of 1972, after the Stockholm Conference, Turkey, for the first time, met the concepts of "environment" and "environmetal protection". The Undersecretariat for Environment affiliated with to the Prime Minister's office established in 1978. It was first establishment, which began to study on environmental protection. The Undersecretariat for Environment has been launched towards the legislative and administrative arrangements. In this respect, Undersecretariat for Environment has assumed a significant coordinating role to formulate environmetal policies at interational, national, regional and local levels. In developed countries, "environmental protection" concept entered daily life in parallel with industrilization. Now, it is an other great sector with own know-how and special tecnologies and experts. Although it is seen that significance is given to the environmental protection area, it is well-known that a lot of mistakes, especially in organizing and managing, had been and is still being done in Turkey. The first step for having useful solutions is to determine the reasons creating the environment problems and to specify the effective/ important factors concerning the solutions of these problems. a) Environment b) Pollutant c) Controller d) The main items belonging to the environmental protection - Quality standards - Technological principles - Controlling and managment stucture - Legislation - Finance and financal aid e) Public opinion f) Communication g) Research h) Education Finding the solutions to the environmental problems is impossible without considering the factors in global level. Article 5 6 of the Constitution of the Turkish Republic states that "Everybody is entitled to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the state and of the citizen to develop the environmet, to preserve the quality of environment and to prevent environmental pollution". "Environment Law" was legislated in 1983. The objectives of the Law, which considers the protection of the environment, consists not only of the prevention and elimination of the pollution, but the maintenance and conservation of natural and historical resources for future generations. The Environment Law takes economic and social development targets into account, in addition to the environmental protection measures and their implementation. VI The Environmental Law must be supported by the regulations. As of today, six regulations related to the Law have been issued, namely; - The Fund for the Preventation of Pollution (1985) - The Protection of Air Quality (19 86) - Noise Control (1986) - The Penalties to be Imposed for Pollution caused by Ships and Other Sea Vessels, Procedures for Collecting Fines (1987) - Water Pollution Control (1988) - Solid Waste Control (1991) Applying these regulations is the most important activity for healthy and balanced environment. The Environment Law has a very broad coverage and is based on the principle "the polluter pays". This principle gives the responsibility to the government. It is well known that quality standarts, technological principles, controlling and managment structure, legislation and finance is directly connected to the government. Especially legislation, controlling and managment structure can not be seperated from each other and from the government. In this case, organizing and coordinating are becoming the main responsibilities of the government. In 19 91 "Environment Ministry" has been established in Turkey. It is the youngest Ministry of Turkey. Untill the establishment of the Ministry, most of the statesmen and the experts defended the idea of "Environmental Ministry". They omitted the background problems. Turkey has an "Environment Ministry" without background without authority, without experts. It is well known by everybody that to become the Ministry is Vll not enough for solving the problems. On the other hand, having "Ministry of Environment" been established, can be an advantage increasing the chance of acceptance of Turkey to EEC. First of all "Environmental Protection" must be considered as the policy of government. The second problem, which must be solved, is education. It is impossible to reach the aim without the support of public opinion. Educated sociaty can guide the government. In this case, telecomminication is the best helper, for both sides, sociaty and government. The expenditures of research and development studies must be increased. For getting a good performance from the studies of Ministry of Environment, organizing of regions must be completed. If the center authority and the local authority work together in a good coordination, the "Environmental Problems" can be solved much easier.